1 00:00:07,006 --> 00:00:07,640 >> GOOD MORNING. 2 00:00:07,640 --> 00:00:08,975 WELCOME TO ALL OF YOU HERE 3 00:00:08,975 --> 00:00:09,442 TODAY. 4 00:00:09,442 --> 00:00:11,711 IT'S AN HONOR TO BE HERE TO 5 00:00:11,711 --> 00:00:13,012 RECOGNIZE THE GREAT 6 00:00:13,012 --> 00:00:14,981 CONTRIBUTIONS OF EUGENE 7 00:00:14,981 --> 00:00:17,984 PARKER, WHO'S BRILLIANT WORK 8 00:00:17,984 --> 00:00:19,419 REVOLUTIONED OUR UNDERSTANDING 9 00:00:19,419 --> 00:00:20,854 OF THE HELIOSPHERE. 10 00:00:20,854 --> 00:00:22,689 MY NAME IS ROCKY KOLB, I'M 11 00:00:22,689 --> 00:00:24,557 DEAN WITH THE PHYSICAL 12 00:00:24,557 --> 00:00:25,458 SCIENCES AT THE UNIVERSITY OF 13 00:00:25,458 --> 00:00:27,861 CHICAGO AND A PROFESSOR IN THE 14 00:00:27,861 --> 00:00:29,329 DEPARTMENT OF ASTRONOMY AND 15 00:00:29,329 --> 00:00:30,663 STRIKE TWO PHYSICS. 16 00:00:30,663 --> 00:00:32,332 IT'S THE MY PRIVILEGE TO 17 00:00:32,332 --> 00:00:35,001 WELCOME OUR DISTINGUISHED 18 00:00:35,001 --> 00:00:36,569 SPEAKERS. 19 00:00:36,569 --> 00:00:38,671 DR. THOMAS ZURBUCHEN IS THE 20 00:00:38,671 --> 00:00:39,639 ASSOCIATE ADMINISTRATOR FOR 21 00:00:39,639 --> 00:00:41,775 THE SCIENCE MISSION 22 00:00:41,775 --> 00:00:43,176 DIRECTORATE OF NASA 23 00:00:43,176 --> 00:00:46,379 HEADQUARTERS IN WASHINGTON. 24 00:00:46,379 --> 00:00:47,080 DR. ZURBUCHEN PREVIOUSLY 25 00:00:47,080 --> 00:00:49,883 SERVED AS PROFESSOR OF SPACE 26 00:00:49,883 --> 00:00:51,951 SCIENCE IN AERO SPACE 27 00:00:51,951 --> 00:00:53,486 ENGINEERING AT THE UNIVERSITY 28 00:00:53,486 --> 00:00:54,754 OF MICHIGAN. 29 00:00:54,754 --> 00:00:57,123 HIS RESEARCH FOCUSED ON SOLAR 30 00:00:57,123 --> 00:00:59,492 AND HELIO SPEARIC PHYSICS. 31 00:00:59,492 --> 00:01:02,262 HE WAS ALSO THE UNIVERSITY'S 32 00:01:02,262 --> 00:01:03,263 FOUNDING DIRECTOR OF THE 33 00:01:03,263 --> 00:01:05,331 COLLEGE OF THE CENTER FOR 34 00:01:05,331 --> 00:01:06,366 ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN THE 35 00:01:06,366 --> 00:01:10,703 COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING. 36 00:01:10,703 --> 00:01:11,738 DR. ZURBUCHEN HAS BEEN 37 00:01:11,738 --> 00:01:13,106 INVOLVED WITH SEVERAL NASA 38 00:01:13,106 --> 00:01:14,007 SCIENCE MISSIONS. 39 00:01:14,007 --> 00:01:17,110 HE EARNED HIS PhD AND MASTER 40 00:01:17,110 --> 00:01:18,678 OF SCIENCE DEGREE BOTH IN 41 00:01:18,678 --> 00:01:21,514 FIDSICS FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF 42 00:01:21,514 --> 00:01:23,750 BETTER THAN IN SWITZERLAND. 43 00:01:23,750 --> 00:01:26,386 HE HAS RECEIVED MANY HONORS, 44 00:01:26,386 --> 00:01:29,088 INCLUDING THE NATIONAL SCIENCE 45 00:01:29,088 --> 00:01:31,357 AND TECHNOLOGY COUNCIL 46 00:01:31,357 --> 00:01:32,725 PRESIDENTIAL EARLY CAREER 47 00:01:32,725 --> 00:01:35,762 AWARD FOR SCIENTISTS AND 48 00:01:35,762 --> 00:01:37,130 ENGINEERS IN 2004. 49 00:01:37,130 --> 00:01:39,966 AND A NASA GROUP ACHIEVEMENT 50 00:01:39,966 --> 00:01:44,871 AWARD IN 2006. 51 00:01:44,871 --> 00:01:47,941 DR. NICOLA FOX IS THE PROJECT 52 00:01:47,941 --> 00:01:49,175 SCIENTIST OF THE SOLAR PROBE 53 00:01:49,175 --> 00:01:50,977 PLUS. 54 00:01:50,977 --> 00:01:54,247 SINCE 2015 SHE HAS SERVED AS 55 00:01:54,247 --> 00:01:56,516 CHIEF SCIENTIST OF 56 00:01:56,516 --> 00:01:57,884 HELIOPHYSICS IN THE SPACE 57 00:01:57,884 --> 00:01:59,986 RESEARCH BRANCH OF JOHNS 58 00:01:59,986 --> 00:02:01,154 HOPKINS UNIVERSITY APPLIED 59 00:02:01,154 --> 00:02:01,754 PHYSICS LABORATORY. 60 00:02:01,754 --> 00:02:03,790 SHE WAS THE DEPUTY PROJECT 61 00:02:03,790 --> 00:02:06,359 SCIENTIST FOR NASA's VAN 62 00:02:06,359 --> 00:02:07,393 ALLEN PROBE MISSION, WHICH 63 00:02:07,393 --> 00:02:09,729 STUDY THE RADIATION BELTS THAT 64 00:02:09,729 --> 00:02:11,764 SURROUND EARTH. 65 00:02:11,764 --> 00:02:14,367 BEFORE JOINING APL, AS A 66 00:02:14,367 --> 00:02:16,669 RESEARCH SCIENTIST IN 1998, 67 00:02:16,669 --> 00:02:19,506 SHE WAS A NATIONAL RESEARCH 68 00:02:19,506 --> 00:02:23,009 COUNCIL FELLOW AT A NASA's 69 00:02:23,009 --> 00:02:24,177 GODDARD SPACE SPLIT CENTER. 70 00:02:24,177 --> 00:02:27,080 SHE EARNED A PhD IN PHYSICS 71 00:02:27,080 --> 00:02:29,782 FROM THE IMPERIAL COLLEGE, 72 00:02:29,782 --> 00:02:30,216 LONDON. 73 00:02:30,216 --> 00:02:32,986 OUR NEXT SPEAKER, ERIC ISAACS 74 00:02:32,986 --> 00:02:34,220 IS THE EXECUTIVE VICE 75 00:02:34,220 --> 00:02:35,989 PRESIDENT FOR RESEARCH, 76 00:02:35,989 --> 00:02:37,390 INNOVATION, AND NATIONAL 77 00:02:37,390 --> 00:02:38,124 LABORATORIES AT THE UNIVERSITY 78 00:02:38,124 --> 00:02:40,994 OF CHICAGO. 79 00:02:40,994 --> 00:02:43,596 IN THAT ROLE, HE PROVIDES 80 00:02:43,596 --> 00:02:46,733 DIRECT OVERSIGHT OF ARGONNE 81 00:02:46,733 --> 00:02:48,034 NATIONAL LABORATORY, FERMI 82 00:02:48,034 --> 00:02:53,673 LAB, THE MARINEOLOGICALLY 83 00:02:53,673 --> 00:02:54,173 LABORATORY AND THE 84 00:02:54,173 --> 00:02:56,809 RELATIONSHIP WITH THE GIANTS 85 00:02:56,809 --> 00:02:58,978 MAGELLAN TELESCOPE PROJECT. 86 00:02:58,978 --> 00:03:00,547 HIS RESPONSIBILITIES INCLUDE 87 00:03:00,547 --> 00:03:02,382 FURTHERING THE UNIVERSITY'S 88 00:03:02,382 --> 00:03:05,952 EFFORT IN COMPUTATION, DATE OF 89 00:03:05,952 --> 00:03:07,587 SCIENCE AND INNOVATION IN HYDE 90 00:03:07,587 --> 00:03:10,156 PARK, INCLUDING THE POLSKI 91 00:03:10,156 --> 00:03:11,691 CENTER FOR ENTREPRENEURSHIP 92 00:03:11,691 --> 00:03:12,525 AND INNOVATION. 93 00:03:12,525 --> 00:03:16,129 HE IS THE ROBERT A. MILLIKEN 94 00:03:16,129 --> 00:03:16,696 DISTINGUISHED SERVICE 95 00:03:16,696 --> 00:03:18,364 PROFESSOR OF PHYSICS. 96 00:03:18,364 --> 00:03:21,434 HE PREVIOUSLY SERVED AS THE 97 00:03:21,434 --> 00:03:23,636 UNIVERSITY PROVOST AND IS 98 00:03:23,636 --> 00:03:25,738 DIRECTOR OF ARGONNE NATIONAL 99 00:03:25,738 --> 00:03:26,706 LABORATORY. 100 00:03:26,706 --> 00:03:28,808 DR. ISAACS EARN ADD PhD IN 101 00:03:28,808 --> 00:03:30,743 PHYSICS FROM M.I.T. 102 00:03:30,743 --> 00:03:35,381 HE IS A PHYSICIST WHOSE WORK 103 00:03:35,381 --> 00:03:37,317 FOCUSES ON QUANTUM MATERIALS. 104 00:03:37,317 --> 00:03:38,718 PLEASE JOIN ME IN GIVING A 105 00:03:38,718 --> 00:03:41,487 WALK WELCOME TO DR. ACHE 106 00:03:44,190 --> 00:03:42,622 ISAACS. 107 00:03:44,190 --> 00:03:47,894 [APPLAUSE] 108 00:03:47,894 --> 00:03:49,362 >> THANK YOU, ROCKY, FOR THAT 109 00:03:49,362 --> 00:03:49,629 RK. 110 00:03:49,629 --> 00:03:50,663 GOOD MORNING TO EVERYBODY. 111 00:03:50,663 --> 00:03:53,433 I ALSO WANTS TO EXTEND MY 112 00:03:53,433 --> 00:03:54,968 WELCOME TO THOMAS AND OUR 113 00:03:54,968 --> 00:03:57,604 PARTNERS AT NASA. 114 00:03:57,604 --> 00:03:59,272 REALLY, AN EXTRAORDINARY DAY 115 00:03:59,272 --> 00:03:59,572 TODAY. 116 00:03:59,572 --> 00:04:02,275 WE ARE HERE TO HONOR PROFESSOR 117 00:04:02,275 --> 00:04:04,010 EUGENE PARKER, WHO IS THE 118 00:04:04,010 --> 00:04:06,179 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO EMER 119 00:04:06,179 --> 00:04:07,880 ADVERTISE PROFESSOR IN 120 00:04:07,880 --> 00:04:09,349 ASTRONOMY AND PHYSICS. 121 00:04:09,349 --> 00:04:12,986 GENE PARKER WAS A IN THE ROCKY 122 00:04:12,986 --> 00:04:14,821 FERMI INSTITUTE IN 1958, WHEN 123 00:04:14,821 --> 00:04:17,023 HE PREDICTED THE EXISTENCE OF 124 00:04:17,023 --> 00:04:17,890 THE SOLAR WIND. 125 00:04:17,890 --> 00:04:20,193 IT WAS A FUNDAMENTAL INSIGHT 126 00:04:20,193 --> 00:04:22,128 THAT FOREVER CHANGED WAY IN 127 00:04:22,128 --> 00:04:24,097 WHICH WE UNDERSTOOD THE SUN, 128 00:04:24,097 --> 00:04:30,036 THE HELIOSPHERE AND IN GENERAL 129 00:04:30,036 --> 00:04:31,170 INTER-KUAN TEARY SPACE. 130 00:04:31,170 --> 00:04:32,772 TO GIVE YOU WHAT AN IDEA THIS 131 00:04:32,772 --> 00:04:35,908 WAS, UNTIL THIS DISCOVERY, THE 132 00:04:35,908 --> 00:04:36,843 PREDICTION OF THE SOLAR WIND 133 00:04:36,843 --> 00:04:39,112 BY PROFESSOR PARKER, 134 00:04:39,112 --> 00:04:40,980 SCIENTISTS REGARDED SPACE 135 00:04:40,980 --> 00:04:42,849 BETWEEN PLAN ETC. OUTSIDE OF 136 00:04:42,849 --> 00:04:44,517 THE HELIO FAIR AS ESSENTIALLY 137 00:04:44,517 --> 00:04:44,951 A VACUUM. 138 00:04:44,951 --> 00:04:47,620 THIS WAS A TRANSFORMATIVE IDEA 139 00:04:47,620 --> 00:04:49,622 AT THE TIME AND THIS AND OTHER 140 00:04:49,622 --> 00:04:51,791 PROJECTS THAT PROFESSOR PARKER 141 00:04:51,791 --> 00:04:55,161 LED, LED TO DEFINE WHAT IS 142 00:04:55,161 --> 00:04:56,462 CALLED HELIOPHYSICS AND THE 143 00:04:56,462 --> 00:04:58,464 STUDY OF THE SUN WHEN THE IDEA 144 00:04:58,464 --> 00:04:59,599 FIRST CAME OUT THERE WAS A LOT 145 00:04:59,599 --> 00:05:01,734 OF OPPOSITION, WHAT I CALL 146 00:05:01,734 --> 00:05:02,268 REVOLUTIONARY IDEA. 147 00:05:02,268 --> 00:05:03,436 IT WAS QUITE STRONG. 148 00:05:03,436 --> 00:05:05,438 HIS FIRST PAPER, WHICH WAS 149 00:05:05,438 --> 00:05:06,906 SUBMITTED TO THE STRIKE TWO 150 00:05:06,906 --> 00:05:08,741 PHYSICAL JOURNAL WAS REJECTED 151 00:05:08,741 --> 00:05:10,643 BY ITS TWO REFEREES. 152 00:05:10,643 --> 00:05:12,345 THE PAPER, INTERESTINGLY 153 00:05:12,345 --> 00:05:14,247 ENOUGH, WAS SAVED BY ANOTHER 154 00:05:14,247 --> 00:05:18,584 COLLEAGUE OF OURS, PROFESSOR 155 00:05:18,584 --> 00:05:19,585 CHANDRASEKHAR WHO SPENT 156 00:05:19,585 --> 00:05:20,353 SIGNATURE YEARS AT THE 157 00:05:20,353 --> 00:05:23,423 UNIVERSITY AS A FACULTY MEMBER 158 00:05:23,423 --> 00:05:25,825 AND RECEIVED THE 1983 NOBEL 159 00:05:25,825 --> 00:05:28,995 PRIZE IN PHYSICS. 160 00:05:28,995 --> 00:05:30,029 CHANDRA UNDERSTOOD THAT 161 00:05:30,029 --> 00:05:30,863 IMPORTANT INSIGHTS INTO THE 162 00:05:30,863 --> 00:05:31,698 NATURE OF THE UNIVERSITY AND 163 00:05:31,698 --> 00:05:33,599 TO SCIENCE IN GENERAL WERE NOT 164 00:05:33,599 --> 00:05:35,268 ALWAYS WARMLY WELCOMED AT 165 00:05:35,268 --> 00:05:35,601 FIRST. 166 00:05:35,601 --> 00:05:39,038 IN FACT, CHANDRA HIMSELF HAD 167 00:05:39,038 --> 00:05:40,406 BEEN RIDICULED WHEN HE, A 168 00:05:40,406 --> 00:05:42,842 GENERATION EARLIER, HAD 169 00:05:42,842 --> 00:05:44,577 PREDICTED THAT NASA STARS, 170 00:05:44,577 --> 00:05:47,847 MUCH MORE MASSIVE THAN OUR SUN 171 00:05:47,847 --> 00:05:50,183 COULD COLLAPSE INTO WHAT WE 172 00:05:50,183 --> 00:05:52,485 CALLED BLACK HOLES. 173 00:05:52,485 --> 00:05:56,589 THE PAPER WAS PUBLISHED AND 174 00:05:56,589 --> 00:05:59,559 PROFESSOR PARKER'S THEORY WAS 175 00:05:59,559 --> 00:06:00,927 CONFIRMED BY DIRECT 176 00:06:00,927 --> 00:06:02,028 OBSERVATION OF THE SOLAR WINDS 177 00:06:02,028 --> 00:06:03,629 AND THE REST IS HISTORY. 178 00:06:03,629 --> 00:06:06,232 PROFESSOR PARKER GAME THE 179 00:06:06,232 --> 00:06:06,899 CHANDRASEKHAR DISTINGUISHED 180 00:06:06,899 --> 00:06:09,502 SERVICE PROFESSOR AND NA 1999 181 00:06:09,502 --> 00:06:11,437 THEY NAMED THEIR FLAGSHIP 182 00:06:11,437 --> 00:06:15,007 MISSION IN HONOR OF 183 00:06:15,007 --> 00:06:18,010 CHANDRASEKHAR WHOSE MADE SURE 184 00:06:18,010 --> 00:06:19,245 IS RECEIVED THE PUBLIC 185 00:06:19,245 --> 00:06:20,480 PLATFORM IT CONCERNED. 186 00:06:20,480 --> 00:06:21,948 THE CONNECTED RELATIONSHIPS 187 00:06:21,948 --> 00:06:25,485 BETWEEN NASA AND LEGD DRI 188 00:06:25,485 --> 00:06:27,920 STRIKE TWO FISSIVITIES ARE 189 00:06:27,920 --> 00:06:29,155 NEITHER UNIQUE NOR 190 00:06:29,155 --> 00:06:30,490 COINCIDENTAL. 191 00:06:30,490 --> 00:06:33,092 THIS HAS BEEN AT THE FOREFRONT 192 00:06:33,092 --> 00:06:39,398 EVER SINCE THE VERY FIRST 193 00:06:39,398 --> 00:06:43,903 OBSERVATORY IN 1897. 194 00:06:43,903 --> 00:06:48,241 IT'S BEEN A WHILE. 195 00:06:48,241 --> 00:06:50,409 WITH THE REFRACTURIVE 196 00:06:50,409 --> 00:06:51,377 TELESCOPE IT RETAINED THE 197 00:06:51,377 --> 00:06:54,113 TITLE OF THE WORLD'S LARGEST 198 00:06:54,113 --> 00:06:54,547 TELESCOPE. 199 00:06:54,547 --> 00:06:57,216 IT'S STILL THE LARGEST 200 00:06:57,216 --> 00:06:58,918 REFRACTING TELESCOPE. 201 00:06:58,918 --> 00:07:02,021 BUT IT BECAME THE HOME OF THE 202 00:07:02,021 --> 00:07:02,789 UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF 203 00:07:02,789 --> 00:07:05,158 ASTRONOMY AND STRIKE TWO 204 00:07:05,158 --> 00:07:05,758 PHYSICS. 205 00:07:05,758 --> 00:07:06,793 THAT'S WHERE HUBBLE WAS 206 00:07:06,793 --> 00:07:08,394 WORKING WHEN HE COMPLETED HIS 207 00:07:08,394 --> 00:07:10,563 SUBSTITUTES IN 1919 AND HIS 208 00:07:10,563 --> 00:07:13,599 NAME LIVES ON WITH THE HUBBLE 209 00:07:13,599 --> 00:07:15,601 SPACE TELESCOPE, THE FIRST 210 00:07:15,601 --> 00:07:17,136 OPTICAL TELESCOPE PLACED IN 211 00:07:17,136 --> 00:07:17,637 SPACE. 212 00:07:17,637 --> 00:07:19,438 HUBBLE IS ONE OF THE LIST OF 213 00:07:19,438 --> 00:07:21,474 EXTRAORDINARY UNIVERSITY OF 214 00:07:21,474 --> 00:07:23,309 CHICAGO STRIKE TWO PHYSICISTS 215 00:07:23,309 --> 00:07:24,610 IN THIS SHORT TIME. 216 00:07:24,610 --> 00:07:25,945 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO GO 217 00:07:25,945 --> 00:07:26,879 THROUGH THE ENTIRE LIST OF 218 00:07:26,879 --> 00:07:27,747 WHAT WE HAVE DONE. 219 00:07:27,747 --> 00:07:29,081 I'D LIKE TO MENTION A FEW. 220 00:07:29,081 --> 00:07:30,616 TODAY THE UNIVERSITY OF 221 00:07:30,616 --> 00:07:31,851 CHICAGO REMAINS AT THE CUTTING 222 00:07:31,851 --> 00:07:34,387 EDGE OF DISCOVERY IN ASTRONOMY 223 00:07:34,387 --> 00:07:35,121 AND STRIKE TWO PHYSICS. 224 00:07:35,121 --> 00:07:37,757 WE ARE THE LEADING U.S. 225 00:07:37,757 --> 00:07:39,392 COLLABORATOR TO PLAY A COULD 226 00:07:39,392 --> 00:07:41,360 SEE MICK RAY TELESCOPE ON THE 227 00:07:41,360 --> 00:07:42,028 INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION 228 00:07:42,028 --> 00:07:44,230 LATER THIS DECADE, THE EXTREME 229 00:07:44,230 --> 00:07:45,364 UNIVERSE SPACE OBSERVATORY, 230 00:07:45,364 --> 00:07:46,966 WHICH IS FUNNELED BY A GRANTS 231 00:07:46,966 --> 00:07:47,667 FROM NASA. 232 00:07:47,667 --> 00:07:49,802 BY THE UNIVERSITY IS ALSO A 233 00:07:49,802 --> 00:07:51,337 CORE PARTICIPANT IN THE SOUTH 234 00:07:51,337 --> 00:07:54,774 POLE TELESCOPE A POWERFUL TOOL 235 00:07:54,774 --> 00:07:55,842 ALREADY IN OPERATION, LOOKING 236 00:07:55,842 --> 00:07:58,377 AT THE STRUCTURES OF THE 237 00:07:58,377 --> 00:07:59,312 COSMIC MICROWAVE BACK GROUND 238 00:07:59,312 --> 00:08:01,414 AND SEARCHING FOR DARK ENERGY, 239 00:08:01,414 --> 00:08:01,848 FOR EXAMPLE. 240 00:08:01,848 --> 00:08:03,549 WE ARE THE FOUNDING PARTNER IN 241 00:08:03,549 --> 00:08:05,451 THE GIANT MAGELLAN TELESCOPE 242 00:08:05,451 --> 00:08:09,155 IN CHILE, THE LARGEST OPTICAL 243 00:08:09,155 --> 00:08:10,990 TELL COPE WHEN IT BEGINS 244 00:08:10,990 --> 00:08:13,292 OPERATIONS IN 2061 AND WHICH 245 00:08:13,292 --> 00:08:15,695 WILL PRODUCE IMAGES 10 TIMES 246 00:08:15,695 --> 00:08:17,663 SHARPER THAN WE CAN DO TODAY 247 00:08:17,663 --> 00:08:19,098 ON EARTH OR BY THE HUBBLE 248 00:08:19,098 --> 00:08:20,399 SPACE TELESCOPE IN THE SKY. 249 00:08:20,399 --> 00:08:23,302 WE ARE AN ORGANIZER OF THE 250 00:08:23,302 --> 00:08:26,138 P.R.J. OBSERVERY, A COSMIC RAY 251 00:08:26,138 --> 00:08:28,541 DETECTOR ROUGHLY THE SIZE OF 252 00:08:28,541 --> 00:08:30,977 THE STATE OF RHODE ISLAND. 253 00:08:30,977 --> 00:08:32,979 THESE EXCEPTIONAL TOOLS OF 254 00:08:32,979 --> 00:08:35,414 DISCOVERY ARE MATCHED BY OUR 255 00:08:35,414 --> 00:08:36,682 OUTSTANDING FACULTY AND 256 00:08:36,682 --> 00:08:37,149 RESEARCHERS. 257 00:08:37,149 --> 00:08:39,485 OUR DEPARTMENT IS HOME TO AN 258 00:08:39,485 --> 00:08:40,419 COMPENSATIONLY TALENTED 259 00:08:40,419 --> 00:08:41,621 FACULTY, WHO ARE OPENING THE 260 00:08:41,621 --> 00:08:42,788 DOOR TO THE COSMOS FOR THE 261 00:08:42,788 --> 00:08:45,224 NEXT GENERATION OF 262 00:08:45,224 --> 00:08:46,092 ASTRONOMERS, STRIKE TWO 263 00:08:46,092 --> 00:08:47,560 PHYSICISTS AND EVERYONE ELSE 264 00:08:47,560 --> 00:08:50,162 WHO IS PASSIONATE ABOUT 265 00:08:50,162 --> 00:08:52,231 SCIENCE AND DISCOVERY. 266 00:08:52,231 --> 00:08:54,500 SUFFICE TO SAY WE ARE PROUD TO 267 00:08:54,500 --> 00:08:56,702 JOIN PROFESSOR PARKER FOR HIS 268 00:08:56,702 --> 00:08:57,737 REVOLUTIONARY VISION OF THE 269 00:08:57,737 --> 00:09:01,307 COSMOS, THE SUN, THE 270 00:09:01,307 --> 00:09:03,709 HELIOSPHERE AND TO THE 271 00:09:03,709 --> 00:09:06,212 CONTRIBUTION FOR PLASMA STRIKE 272 00:09:06,212 --> 00:09:06,812 TWO PHYSICS. 273 00:09:06,812 --> 00:09:08,347 WE CONTINUE OUR PARTNERSHIP 274 00:09:08,347 --> 00:09:11,217 WITH NASA AND SCIENTISTS 275 00:09:11,217 --> 00:09:13,853 AROUND THE COUNTRY AND AROUND 276 00:09:13,853 --> 00:09:14,253 THE WORLD. 277 00:09:14,253 --> 00:09:20,559 THANK YOU. 278 00:09:20,559 --> 00:09:23,229 >> THANK YOU, ERIC. 279 00:09:23,229 --> 00:09:25,197 TODAY'S EVENT WAS ALMOST 60 280 00:09:25,197 --> 00:09:27,500 YEARS IN THE MAKING. 281 00:09:27,500 --> 00:09:31,504 IN OCTOBER OF 1958, UNIVERSITY 282 00:09:31,504 --> 00:09:34,106 OF CHICAGO PROFESSOR JOHN 283 00:09:34,106 --> 00:09:38,177 SIMPSON CONVENED A PHYSICS 284 00:09:38,177 --> 00:09:41,013 PARTICLES IN SPACE COMMITTEE 285 00:09:41,013 --> 00:09:42,648 AT THE SPACE SCIENCE BOARD. 286 00:09:42,648 --> 00:09:44,583 RIGHT HERE ON CAMPUS IN 1958, 287 00:09:44,583 --> 00:09:46,485 THE SPACE SCIENCE BOARD 288 00:09:46,485 --> 00:09:49,088 ULTIMATELY ADVISED NASA, THE 289 00:09:49,088 --> 00:09:50,690 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE, AND THE 290 00:09:50,690 --> 00:09:53,225 NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION ON 291 00:09:53,225 --> 00:09:55,494 ASPECTS OF INTERPLANETARY 292 00:09:55,494 --> 00:09:56,028 PROBES AND. 293 00:09:56,028 --> 00:09:58,230 SPACE STATIONS. 294 00:09:58,230 --> 00:10:00,666 POTENTIAL PROBLEMS OF MANNED 295 00:10:00,666 --> 00:10:02,068 SPACE FLIGHT, THE EXPLORATION 296 00:10:02,068 --> 00:10:05,438 OF VENUS AND MARS, AND OTHER 297 00:10:05,438 --> 00:10:07,540 SPACE-RELATED MATTERS. 298 00:10:07,540 --> 00:10:11,644 THEY ALSO ADDED A LIST OF 299 00:10:11,644 --> 00:10:13,346 LONG-RANGE PLANS FOR 300 00:10:13,346 --> 00:10:14,981 PARTICULARLY INTERESTING 301 00:10:14,981 --> 00:10:15,414 RESEARCH. 302 00:10:15,414 --> 00:10:17,917 THAT LIST INCLUDED A SOLAR 303 00:10:17,917 --> 00:10:19,552 PROBE TO STUDY PARTICLES AND 304 00:10:19,552 --> 00:10:22,488 FIELD IN THE VICINITY OF THE 305 00:10:22,488 --> 00:10:23,022 SUN. 306 00:10:23,022 --> 00:10:24,790 SINCE THAT FIRST MEETING OF 307 00:10:24,790 --> 00:10:26,792 THE SIMPSON COMMITTEE, THE 308 00:10:26,792 --> 00:10:28,494 SOLAR PROBE HAS REMAINED AT 309 00:10:28,494 --> 00:10:31,464 THE TOP OF VARIOUS NATIONAL 310 00:10:31,464 --> 00:10:33,666 ACADEMY AND NASA SCIENCE 311 00:10:33,666 --> 00:10:35,134 POLICY LISTS. 312 00:10:35,134 --> 00:10:37,236 SO IT'S VERY APPROPRIATE THAT 313 00:10:37,236 --> 00:10:40,039 WE ARE HERE IN CHICAGO TODAY 314 00:10:40,039 --> 00:10:44,777 TO HONOR GENE PARKER, WHOSE 315 00:10:44,777 --> 00:10:46,078 GROUND-BREAKING WORK RESHAPED 316 00:10:46,078 --> 00:10:47,279 OUR VISION OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM 317 00:10:47,279 --> 00:10:49,482 AND SET THIS ENTIRE ENDEAVOR 318 00:10:49,482 --> 00:10:51,384 IN MOTION. 319 00:10:51,384 --> 00:10:54,186 IN THE SIXTH DECADE SINCE 320 00:10:54,186 --> 00:10:55,488 EUGENE PARKER'S DISCOVERY OF 321 00:10:55,488 --> 00:10:57,323 THE SOLAR WIND, WE HAVE MADE 322 00:10:57,323 --> 00:10:58,491 TREMENDOUS GAINS IN OUR 323 00:10:58,491 --> 00:11:00,993 KNOWLEDGE OF SOLAR AND SPACE 324 00:11:00,993 --> 00:11:01,560 PHYSICS. 325 00:11:01,560 --> 00:11:03,729 THROUGH NASA's MISSIONS TO 326 00:11:03,729 --> 00:11:06,065 SPACE, WE HAVE INVESTIGATED 327 00:11:06,065 --> 00:11:08,067 THE COMPOSITION, PROPERTIES, 328 00:11:08,067 --> 00:11:10,736 AND STRUCTURE OF THE SOLAR 329 00:11:10,736 --> 00:11:11,504 WIND. 330 00:11:11,504 --> 00:11:13,806 WE HAVE CAPTURED INCREDIBLY 331 00:11:13,806 --> 00:11:16,609 DETAILED IMAGES OF THE SUN'S 332 00:11:16,609 --> 00:11:17,176 CORONA. 333 00:11:17,176 --> 00:11:19,145 WE HAVE ADVANCED OUR KNOWLEDGE 334 00:11:19,145 --> 00:11:21,080 IN WAYS THAT THE COMMITTEE 335 00:11:21,080 --> 00:11:24,350 MIGHT NOT HAVE DREAMED OF. 336 00:11:24,350 --> 00:11:25,985 AND YET SO MANY FUNDAMENTAL 337 00:11:25,985 --> 00:11:28,287 QUESTIONS ABOUT THE SOLAR WIND 338 00:11:28,287 --> 00:11:31,590 REMAIN UNANSWERED. 339 00:11:31,590 --> 00:11:34,060 SIX DECADES AGO, EUGENE PARKER 340 00:11:34,060 --> 00:11:35,127 ASKED A FUNDAMENTAL QUESTION 341 00:11:35,127 --> 00:11:36,662 ABOUT THE STRUCTURE OF THE 342 00:11:36,662 --> 00:11:39,265 SUN'S CORONA. 343 00:11:39,265 --> 00:11:40,866 THAT QUESTION LED HIM TO 344 00:11:40,866 --> 00:11:43,069 PREDICT THE EXISTENCE OF THE 345 00:11:43,069 --> 00:11:45,438 SOLAR WIND, AND PERMANENTLY 346 00:11:45,438 --> 00:11:48,307 TRANSFORM THE WAY WE THINK OF 347 00:11:48,307 --> 00:11:49,141 SPACE. 348 00:11:49,141 --> 00:11:50,843 TODAY WE CELEBRATE THE 349 00:11:50,843 --> 00:11:52,511 PROFOUND QUESTION THAT HE 350 00:11:52,511 --> 00:11:55,448 ASKED AND THE BRILLIANT AND 351 00:11:55,448 --> 00:11:56,882 CREATIVITY WITH WHICH HE 352 00:11:56,882 --> 00:11:59,285 ANSWERED IT. 353 00:11:59,285 --> 00:12:01,353 BUT EVEN MORE IMPORTANTLY, WE 354 00:12:01,353 --> 00:12:03,656 CELEBRATE THE QUESTIONS THAT 355 00:12:03,656 --> 00:12:05,658 FLOWED FROM THAT FIRST ANSWER. 356 00:12:05,658 --> 00:12:08,227 QUESTIONS THAT HAVE LED US 357 00:12:08,227 --> 00:12:10,162 THROUGH SIX DECADES TO THIS 358 00:12:10,162 --> 00:12:13,165 HISTORIC MISSION. 359 00:12:13,165 --> 00:12:14,633 WE LOOK FORWARD TO FINDING 360 00:12:14,633 --> 00:12:16,535 ANSWERS TO THOSE QUESTIONS 361 00:12:16,535 --> 00:12:18,637 THROUGH THE DATA THAT THE 362 00:12:18,637 --> 00:12:20,706 SOLAR PROBE WILL SEND TO US. 363 00:12:20,706 --> 00:12:22,975 BUT EVEN MORE, WE LOOK FORWARD 364 00:12:22,975 --> 00:12:24,743 TO NEW QUESTIONS THAT WILL 365 00:12:24,743 --> 00:12:27,313 ARISE FROM THOSE ANSWERS, 366 00:12:27,313 --> 00:12:28,981 WHICH WILL POINT US TO YET 367 00:12:28,981 --> 00:12:30,950 MORE EXCITING DISCOVERIES. 368 00:12:30,950 --> 00:12:37,189 THANK YOU. 369 00:12:37,189 --> 00:12:39,391 [APPLAUSE] 370 00:12:39,391 --> 00:12:40,426 >> WE WOULD NOW LIKE TO SHARE 371 00:12:40,426 --> 00:12:43,028 WITH YOU A VIDEO ABOUT GENE 372 00:12:43,028 --> 00:12:44,763 PARKER AND THE IMPRESSIVE WORK 373 00:12:44,763 --> 00:12:47,766 THAT HAS BROUGHT US HERE 374 00:12:47,766 --> 00:12:51,737 TODAY. 375 00:12:51,737 --> 00:12:55,341 [♪♪♪] 376 00:12:55,341 --> 00:12:58,277 >> THE PRIMARY PUZZLE IN THE 377 00:12:58,277 --> 00:12:59,879 UNIVERSE BECAUSE IT'S THE ONE 378 00:12:59,879 --> 00:13:02,882 STAR WE CAN OBSERVE IN DETAIL 379 00:13:02,882 --> 00:13:05,017 AND STARS ARE COMPLICATED 380 00:13:05,017 --> 00:13:05,551 THINGS. 381 00:13:05,551 --> 00:13:07,520 WE CAN'T IMAGINE ALL THE 382 00:13:07,520 --> 00:13:08,888 STRANGE THINGS THAT HAVE BEEN 383 00:13:08,888 --> 00:13:10,823 DISCOVERED IN THE SUN. 384 00:13:10,823 --> 00:13:15,728 AS A CHILD, I ENJOYED VERY 385 00:13:15,728 --> 00:13:17,229 MUCH HOW THINGS WORKED. 386 00:13:17,229 --> 00:13:18,764 WHEN I WAS IN HIGH SCHOOL, I 387 00:13:18,764 --> 00:13:20,466 TOOK PHYSICS COURSE MY LAST 388 00:13:20,466 --> 00:13:24,737 YEAR AND REALIZED HOW 389 00:13:24,737 --> 00:13:25,371 FASCINATED I WAS. 390 00:13:25,371 --> 00:13:27,039 WHEN I FIRST STUMBLED ACROSS 391 00:13:27,039 --> 00:13:28,941 THE MATHMATIC THAT ESTABLISHED 392 00:13:28,941 --> 00:13:32,978 THE SOLAR WIND, IT WAS 1957. 393 00:13:32,978 --> 00:13:41,220 I WAS 30 YEARS OLD. 394 00:13:41,220 --> 00:13:44,190 FOUR LINES OF ALGEBRA IN MY 395 00:13:44,190 --> 00:13:46,425 FIRST TWO OR THREE PAPERS ON 396 00:13:46,425 --> 00:13:48,661 THE SOLAR WIND, THE SOLAR WIND 397 00:13:48,661 --> 00:13:49,728 DOES NOT APPEAR. 398 00:13:49,728 --> 00:13:52,598 I TALKED ABOUT SOLAR CORE PUSK 399 00:13:52,598 --> 00:13:56,869 LAR RADIATION AND THEN I 400 00:13:56,869 --> 00:13:59,672 REALIZED IT'S A SLOW GAS AND 401 00:13:59,672 --> 00:14:01,574 THEN IT HIT ME, SOLAR WIND. 402 00:14:01,574 --> 00:14:03,442 WHEN I WROTE THE FIRST PAPER, 403 00:14:03,442 --> 00:14:04,677 AS FAR AS I WAS CONCERNED, IT 404 00:14:04,677 --> 00:14:05,744 WAS OPEN AND SHUT. 405 00:14:05,744 --> 00:14:08,480 I CAN REMEMBER HOW UPSET THE 406 00:14:08,480 --> 00:14:11,417 REFEREE WAS THAT 407 00:14:11,417 --> 00:14:12,751 CHANDRASEKHAR, THE EDITOR SENT 408 00:14:12,751 --> 00:14:13,719 MY FIRST PAPER TO. 409 00:14:13,719 --> 00:14:17,256 HE SAID "THIS IS RIDICULOUS. 410 00:14:17,256 --> 00:14:18,924 BEFORE YOU WRITE A SCIENTIFIC 411 00:14:18,924 --> 00:14:19,959 PAPER, YOU SHOULD AT LEAST 412 00:14:19,959 --> 00:14:21,060 TAKE THE TROUBLE OF GOING TO 413 00:14:21,060 --> 00:14:22,461 THE LIBRARY AND READING UP ON 414 00:14:22,461 --> 00:14:24,196 THE SUBJECT." 415 00:14:24,196 --> 00:14:26,999 NO FURTHER CRITICISM. 416 00:14:26,999 --> 00:14:28,067 NO FURTHER COMMENT. 417 00:14:28,067 --> 00:14:29,168 MY RESPONSE TO CHANDRASEKHAR 418 00:14:29,168 --> 00:14:31,637 WAS, WELL, HE COULDN'T FIND 419 00:14:31,637 --> 00:14:33,405 ANYTHING WRONG WITH IT, SO IT 420 00:14:33,405 --> 00:14:34,840 MUST BE PRETTY GOOD. 421 00:14:34,840 --> 00:14:37,142 I ALWAYS LOOKED UPON MYSELF AS 422 00:14:37,142 --> 00:14:38,877 A PHYSICIST, LEARNING NEW 423 00:14:38,877 --> 00:14:41,847 TRICKS BY LOOKING AT NATURE. 424 00:14:41,847 --> 00:14:44,617 THE SPACE, THE WHOLE GALAXY, 425 00:14:44,617 --> 00:14:45,884 THE WHOLE UNIVERSE. 426 00:14:45,884 --> 00:14:48,120 I KNOW NO BETTER PLACE TO FIND 427 00:14:48,120 --> 00:15:07,373 NEW PHYSICS. 428 00:15:12,378 --> 00:15:14,079 >> I'M REALLY EXCITED TO BE 429 00:15:14,079 --> 00:15:14,780 HERE TODAY. 430 00:15:14,780 --> 00:15:15,648 FOR TWO REASONS. 431 00:15:15,648 --> 00:15:17,650 FIRST OF ALL, THIS IS ONE OF 432 00:15:17,650 --> 00:15:18,717 MY FAVORITE CITIES. 433 00:15:18,717 --> 00:15:20,252 MY WIFE GREW UP HERE. 434 00:15:20,252 --> 00:15:24,456 I SPENT A LOT OF TIME HERE AT 435 00:15:24,456 --> 00:15:30,095 THE CHRISTMASES, HOLIDAYS AND 436 00:15:30,095 --> 00:15:31,597 RESTAURANTS AROUND TOWN. 437 00:15:31,597 --> 00:15:32,898 I'M GLAD TO BE BACK. 438 00:15:32,898 --> 00:15:34,266 MORE IMPORTANTLY I'M EXCITED 439 00:15:34,266 --> 00:15:36,335 TO BE HERE BECAUSE OF YOU, 440 00:15:36,335 --> 00:15:38,270 GENE AND EVERYTHING YOU HAVE 441 00:15:38,270 --> 00:15:41,907 DONE FOR THIS AMAZING FIELD OF 442 00:15:41,907 --> 00:15:45,311 SCIENCE THAT I'M PART OF AT 443 00:15:45,311 --> 00:15:46,011 NASA. 444 00:15:46,011 --> 00:15:50,249 WHAT I'D LIKE TO DO IS REALLY 445 00:15:50,249 --> 00:15:52,251 POINT TO THE FACT, OF COURSE, 446 00:15:52,251 --> 00:15:55,721 THAT THE WAY WE LOOK AT THE 447 00:15:55,721 --> 00:15:57,323 SCIENCE TODAY THROUGH THE MANY 448 00:15:57,323 --> 00:15:58,324 TELESCOPES OUT THERE AS A 449 00:15:58,324 --> 00:16:00,292 RESULT OF THE WORK THAT YOU 450 00:16:00,292 --> 00:16:03,929 HAVE DONE, GENE, NATURE HAS 451 00:16:03,929 --> 00:16:05,197 BECOME MORE BEAUTIFUL. 452 00:16:05,197 --> 00:16:06,532 MORE COMPLEX, JUST LIKE YOU 453 00:16:06,532 --> 00:16:07,232 SAID. 454 00:16:07,232 --> 00:16:08,033 BUT MORE BEAUTIFUL. 455 00:16:08,033 --> 00:16:09,702 I LOOK AT THIS AMAZING IMAGE 456 00:16:09,702 --> 00:16:13,939 BY ONE OF THE RECENT NASA 457 00:16:13,939 --> 00:16:14,707 MISSIONS. 458 00:16:14,707 --> 00:16:16,275 YOU ALSO POINTED OUT, OF 459 00:16:16,275 --> 00:16:30,956 COURSE, THE WAY THE STAR 460 00:16:30,956 --> 00:16:32,558 INTERACTING WITH THE CORONA 461 00:16:32,558 --> 00:16:34,727 MASS EJECTION AS MEASURED BY 462 00:16:34,727 --> 00:16:36,295 STEREO. 463 00:16:36,295 --> 00:16:38,597 BUT THAT THESE TAILS INDICATE 464 00:16:38,597 --> 00:16:41,266 THERE ARE FAST WINDS. 465 00:16:41,266 --> 00:16:43,435 THESE FAST WINDS, OF COURSE, 466 00:16:43,435 --> 00:16:44,069 PEOPLE COULDN'T IMAGINE. 467 00:16:44,069 --> 00:16:45,771 WHAT THEY THOUGHT ABOUT WAS 468 00:16:45,771 --> 00:16:49,308 THAT THE SUN WAS SLOWLY A 469 00:16:49,308 --> 00:16:50,576 REALLY SMALL KIND OF FREEZE 470 00:16:50,576 --> 00:16:51,310 WOULD HAPPEN. 471 00:16:51,310 --> 00:16:52,778 OH, NO. 472 00:16:52,778 --> 00:16:54,012 THAT SPACE BETWEEN THE PLANETS 473 00:16:54,012 --> 00:16:55,681 IS A LOT MORE EXCITING WITH A 474 00:16:55,681 --> 00:16:57,916 LOT MORE SCIENCE GOING ON THAN 475 00:16:57,916 --> 00:17:01,320 ANYBODY PREDICTED. 476 00:17:01,320 --> 00:17:05,591 OF COURSE, JUST A FEW YEARS 477 00:17:05,591 --> 00:17:08,026 LATER, YOUR PREDICTION WAS 478 00:17:08,026 --> 00:17:10,629 CONFIRMED, WITH MARINER II. 479 00:17:10,629 --> 00:17:13,565 IT WAS OUTSIDE OF THE EARTH 480 00:17:13,565 --> 00:17:15,667 AND HOW THE SUPERSONIC SOLAR 481 00:17:15,667 --> 00:17:18,203 WINDS, JUST LIKE YOU SAID, OF 482 00:17:18,203 --> 00:17:19,638 APPROXIMATELY THE TEMPERATURE 483 00:17:19,638 --> 00:17:22,474 THAT YOU HAVE SAID, A LITTLE 484 00:17:22,474 --> 00:17:23,776 BIT LESS, PERHAPS THAN YOU 485 00:17:23,776 --> 00:17:25,744 SAID IN YOUR INITIAL PAPER. 486 00:17:25,744 --> 00:17:29,948 IF I HAD TO WRITE A PAPER THAT 487 00:17:29,948 --> 00:17:32,818 THAT'S ACCURATE, I'D BE REALLY 488 00:17:32,818 --> 00:17:33,552 GLAD. 489 00:17:33,552 --> 00:17:35,821 THE SPACECRAFT AND SUBSEQUENT 490 00:17:35,821 --> 00:17:38,657 SPACECRAFT, THEY ALSO OBSERVED 491 00:17:38,657 --> 00:17:40,559 THE MAGNETIC FIELD SHAPE THAT 492 00:17:40,559 --> 00:17:42,694 WAS LATER IN THE SHAME PAPER 493 00:17:42,694 --> 00:17:44,797 THAT YOU PREDICTED, THE 494 00:17:44,797 --> 00:17:47,099 MAGNETIC FIELD WE REFER TO AS 495 00:17:47,099 --> 00:17:50,035 THE PARKER MAGNETIC FIELD. 496 00:17:50,035 --> 00:17:52,371 IT'S THAT OBSERVATION THAT 497 00:17:52,371 --> 00:17:53,505 WAS ALSO MADE. 498 00:17:53,505 --> 00:17:55,841 SO REALLY CREATING -- MAKING 499 00:17:55,841 --> 00:17:57,342 THIS IS HUGE HOMELAND. 500 00:17:57,342 --> 00:18:00,045 ONE OF THE BIGGEST 501 00:18:00,045 --> 00:18:02,114 DISCOVERIES, I BELIEVE, IN 502 00:18:02,114 --> 00:18:04,650 SOLAR AND SPACE AND 503 00:18:04,650 --> 00:18:05,851 HELIOPHYSICS, AS YOU POINTED 504 00:18:05,851 --> 00:18:06,385 OUT. 505 00:18:06,385 --> 00:18:08,454 ONCE YOU HAVE THIS SOLAR WIND, 506 00:18:08,454 --> 00:18:12,424 AND YOU KNOW YOU HAVE A GUESS 507 00:18:12,424 --> 00:18:15,394 ABOUT THE MAGNETIC FIELD AND 508 00:18:15,394 --> 00:18:18,530 THE STRUCTURE OF THE GALAXY, 509 00:18:18,530 --> 00:18:19,231 WHICH IS ANOTHER SUBJECT AREA 510 00:18:19,231 --> 00:18:20,666 YOU FOCUSED ON. 511 00:18:20,666 --> 00:18:23,168 THE RECOGNITION THAT THERE IS 512 00:18:23,168 --> 00:18:24,236 MAGNETIC FIELDS OUT THERE AND 513 00:18:24,236 --> 00:18:27,973 THIS UNIVERSE IS NOT JUST 514 00:18:27,973 --> 00:18:29,107 GRAVITATIONAL, IT'S MAGNETIC. 515 00:18:29,107 --> 00:18:31,577 ONCE YOU KNOW THAT SOLAR WIND, 516 00:18:31,577 --> 00:18:33,946 YOU CAN GUESS HOW BIG THAT 517 00:18:33,946 --> 00:18:36,248 BUBBLE IS, THAT SPACE THAT 518 00:18:36,248 --> 00:18:37,549 IT'S FILLED BY THE SUN. 519 00:18:37,549 --> 00:18:40,118 WE REFER TO IT AS THE 520 00:18:40,118 --> 00:18:40,686 HELIOSPHERE. 521 00:18:40,686 --> 00:18:43,789 ONLY ABOUT FIVE YEARS AGO, IF 522 00:18:43,789 --> 00:18:45,824 YOU CROSS THROUGH THAT 523 00:18:45,824 --> 00:18:51,964 BOUNDARY INTO OUR GALACTIC 524 00:18:51,964 --> 00:18:53,365 AREA, HIS COLLEAGUES HAVE DONE 525 00:18:53,365 --> 00:18:56,535 AMAZING WORK WITH HIM AND 526 00:18:56,535 --> 00:18:57,603 BASICALLY RIGHT NOW ON THE 527 00:18:57,603 --> 00:18:59,037 OUTSIDE OF ONE OF THESE 528 00:18:59,037 --> 00:19:01,006 MISSIONS, WE BELIEVE, LOOKING 529 00:19:01,006 --> 00:19:04,009 AT FOR THE FIRST TIME THAT 530 00:19:04,009 --> 00:19:05,277 GALACTIC ENVIRONMENT. 531 00:19:05,277 --> 00:19:08,180 AGAIN, A MAGNETIC GALACTIC 532 00:19:08,180 --> 00:19:13,485 ENVIRONMENT OF TYPE YOU 533 00:19:13,485 --> 00:19:15,053 PREDICTED, AND THAT IS FROM 534 00:19:15,053 --> 00:19:19,591 THE INSIDE. 535 00:19:19,591 --> 00:19:23,395 GOING BACK TO OUR NEAREST 536 00:19:23,395 --> 00:19:24,096 ENVIRONMENT, OF COURSE, WHAT 537 00:19:24,096 --> 00:19:26,031 WE HAVE RIGHT NOW, THESE 538 00:19:26,031 --> 00:19:28,767 MISSIONS OUT THERE, WE CALL 539 00:19:28,767 --> 00:19:32,004 THEM MAGNETOSPHERE AND THEY 540 00:19:32,004 --> 00:19:33,805 SERVE IMPORTANT PROCESS THAT 541 00:19:33,805 --> 00:19:35,741 YOU TALKED ABOUT REALLY EARLY 542 00:19:35,741 --> 00:19:36,308 ON. 543 00:19:36,308 --> 00:19:37,743 THE SWEEP, YOU TALKED ABOUT 544 00:19:37,743 --> 00:19:40,812 THE MERGING OF MAGNETIC FIELDS 545 00:19:40,812 --> 00:19:43,081 AND THE IMPORTANCE IF THESE 546 00:19:43,081 --> 00:19:45,617 MAGNETIC FIELDS IN FACT 547 00:19:45,617 --> 00:19:47,586 COALESCED AND WE CONNECTED. 548 00:19:47,586 --> 00:19:48,854 WE TALKED ABOUT THAT 549 00:19:48,854 --> 00:19:49,288 RECONNECTION. 550 00:19:49,288 --> 00:19:50,489 ONLY JUST A COUPLE OF YEARS 551 00:19:50,489 --> 00:19:52,491 AGO, OR EVEN THIS YEAR, THE 552 00:19:52,491 --> 00:19:54,326 NEW SCIENCE PAPERS OUT THERE 553 00:19:54,326 --> 00:19:57,362 THAT TALK ABOUT THE FIRST 554 00:19:57,362 --> 00:20:00,732 REALLY, MULTIPLYING THE 555 00:20:00,732 --> 00:20:02,601 PROCESSES, PROCESSES THAT ARE 556 00:20:02,601 --> 00:20:04,236 IMPORTANT. 557 00:20:04,236 --> 00:20:06,705 NOT ONLY WHERE WE OBSERVE 558 00:20:06,705 --> 00:20:09,708 THEM, BUT UNIVERSAL BECAUSE WE 559 00:20:09,708 --> 00:20:13,378 OBSERVE THESE PROCESSES AROUND 560 00:20:13,378 --> 00:20:15,814 ASTRO PHYSICAL OBJECTS AND 561 00:20:15,814 --> 00:20:17,849 MANY PLANETS AND PLACES IN THE 562 00:20:17,849 --> 00:20:18,517 UNIVERSE. 563 00:20:18,517 --> 00:20:19,685 THAT'S ANOTHER WORLD CUP OF 564 00:20:19,685 --> 00:20:21,153 THE SEMINAL PAPERS. 565 00:20:21,153 --> 00:20:22,421 GOING BACK TO THE SUN. 566 00:20:22,421 --> 00:20:25,290 WHO WOULD HAVE GUESSED HOW 567 00:20:25,290 --> 00:20:26,191 AMAZING THE SUN LOOKS. 568 00:20:26,191 --> 00:20:27,626 LOOKING THROUGH THE EYES OF 569 00:20:27,626 --> 00:20:29,127 SOMEBODY WHO UNDERSTANDS THERE 570 00:20:29,127 --> 00:20:31,797 IS MAGNETIC FIELDS THERE. 571 00:20:31,797 --> 00:20:33,398 THE CORONA, THE ATMOSPHERE OF 572 00:20:33,398 --> 00:20:35,968 THE SUN, OF COURSE, IS HEATED 573 00:20:35,968 --> 00:20:37,469 TO A TEMPERATURE MUCH HIGHER 574 00:20:37,469 --> 00:20:40,305 THAN THE SURFACE OF THE SUN. 575 00:20:40,305 --> 00:20:43,308 PROCESSES WERE STILL TRYING TO 576 00:20:43,308 --> 00:20:43,842 LEARN ABOUT IT. 577 00:20:43,842 --> 00:20:45,978 YOU WROTE A PAPER THAT 578 00:20:45,978 --> 00:20:47,980 BASICALLY TALKED ABOUT 579 00:20:47,980 --> 00:20:49,247 MICROSCOPIC NANO TYPE OF 580 00:20:49,247 --> 00:20:50,415 HEATING EVENTS THAT WOULD BE 581 00:20:50,415 --> 00:20:54,019 AT THE HEART OF THAT HEATING. 582 00:20:54,019 --> 00:20:54,920 AMAZING STRUCTURES WE SEE 583 00:20:54,920 --> 00:20:55,220 THERE. 584 00:20:55,220 --> 00:20:57,422 THERE IS A LOT OF EVIDENCE IN 585 00:20:57,422 --> 00:20:59,291 PAPERS AND LITERATURE EVEN 586 00:20:59,291 --> 00:21:00,926 TODAY THAT POINTED THAT THIS 587 00:21:00,926 --> 00:21:04,229 IS MUCH MORE LIKELY THAN WE 588 00:21:04,229 --> 00:21:08,200 EVER WOULD HAVE THOUGHT. 589 00:21:08,200 --> 00:21:12,137 THAT IS REALLY WHERE THE 590 00:21:12,137 --> 00:21:13,071 CULMINATION, I BELIEVE, OF THE 591 00:21:13,071 --> 00:21:14,373 RESEARCH WE HAVE BEEN DOING IN 592 00:21:14,373 --> 00:21:15,974 THIS FIELD. 593 00:21:15,974 --> 00:21:20,112 SOLAR AND HELIOSPHERIC AND IN 594 00:21:20,112 --> 00:21:20,445 GENERAL. 595 00:21:20,445 --> 00:21:22,814 THAT IS ABOUT THE SOLAR PROBE 596 00:21:22,814 --> 00:21:23,148 MISSION. 597 00:21:23,148 --> 00:21:25,017 WE WANT TO GO DOWN THERE, TAKE 598 00:21:25,017 --> 00:21:28,053 THE CHALLENGE OF GOING AND SEE 599 00:21:28,053 --> 00:21:29,488 WHERE THE THERMAL ENVIRONMENT 600 00:21:29,488 --> 00:21:30,889 IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM. 601 00:21:30,889 --> 00:21:34,793 BECAUSE WE BUILT THE MACHINES. 602 00:21:34,793 --> 00:21:36,728 MEASURE THE ENVIRONMENT THERE 603 00:21:36,728 --> 00:21:40,899 AND REALLY PROVE AND FIND WHAT 604 00:21:40,899 --> 00:21:42,334 THE HEAT PROCESSES ARE THAT 605 00:21:42,334 --> 00:21:46,338 REALLY MAKE THE CORONA UP AND 606 00:21:46,338 --> 00:21:49,975 ACCELERATE THE SOLAR WIND. 607 00:21:49,975 --> 00:21:53,078 NOW, AS NAMED ABOUT 20 608 00:21:53,078 --> 00:21:57,115 SPACECRAFT ABOUT DISTINGUISHED 609 00:21:57,115 --> 00:21:59,685 RESEARCHERS LIKE -- ALL OF 610 00:21:59,685 --> 00:22:02,287 THEM WITH CHICAGO AND MANY 611 00:22:02,287 --> 00:22:04,322 OTHERS, 20, NOT MANY. 612 00:22:04,322 --> 00:22:05,857 THERE ARE MORE PRIZE WINNERS 613 00:22:05,857 --> 00:22:08,226 THAN PEOPLE WHO HAVE 614 00:22:08,226 --> 00:22:12,464 SPACECRAFT NAMED AFTER THEM. 615 00:22:12,464 --> 00:22:13,999 THERE ARE ABOUT 20. 616 00:22:13,999 --> 00:22:17,202 NASA HAS NEVER NAMED A 617 00:22:17,202 --> 00:22:19,237 SPACECRAFT AFTER RESEARCHER 618 00:22:19,237 --> 00:22:22,507 DURING THEIR LIFETIME. 619 00:22:22,507 --> 00:22:23,175 WELL, LADIES AND GENTLEMEN. 620 00:22:23,175 --> 00:22:26,311 WE ARE ABOUT TO MAKE HISTORY. 621 00:22:26,311 --> 00:22:30,015 IT IS MY GREAT HONOR A FEW 622 00:22:30,015 --> 00:22:32,884 DAYS BEFORE YOUR 90th 623 00:22:32,884 --> 00:22:35,187 BIRTHDAY, GENE, TO ANNOUNCE 624 00:22:35,187 --> 00:22:38,290 THAT WE ARE RENAMING THE SOLAR 625 00:22:38,290 --> 00:22:39,591 PROBE PLUS SPACECRAFT TO BE 626 00:22:39,591 --> 00:22:42,661 KNOWN FROM NOW ON AS THE 627 00:22:42,661 --> 00:22:45,230 PARKER SOLAR PROBE. 628 00:22:45,230 --> 00:22:47,666 CONGRATULATIONS. 629 00:22:47,666 --> 00:22:58,977 [APPLAUSE] 630 00:22:58,977 --> 00:23:00,078 >> THANK YOU. 631 00:23:00,078 --> 00:23:03,882 REALLY APPRECIATE IT. 632 00:23:03,882 --> 00:23:21,299 [APPLAUSE] 633 00:23:29,741 --> 00:23:35,247 >> I WROTE MY SPEECH DOWN 634 00:23:35,247 --> 00:23:35,881 HERE. 635 00:23:35,881 --> 00:23:37,949 I DON'T INTEND TO REITERATE 636 00:23:37,949 --> 00:23:39,718 WHAT YOU HAVE ALREADY HEARD 637 00:23:39,718 --> 00:23:40,652 PLENTY OF. 638 00:23:40,652 --> 00:23:42,320 BUT I'M CERTAINLY GREATLY 639 00:23:42,320 --> 00:23:44,156 HONORED TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH 640 00:23:44,156 --> 00:23:46,424 SUCH A HEROIC, SCIENTIFIC 641 00:23:46,424 --> 00:23:48,927 SPACE MISSION. 642 00:23:48,927 --> 00:23:51,096 BY HEROIC, OF COURSE, I'M 643 00:23:51,096 --> 00:23:52,731 REFERRING TO THE TEMPERATURE. 644 00:23:52,731 --> 00:23:54,666 THERMAL RADIATION FROM THE SUN 645 00:23:54,666 --> 00:23:56,468 AND THE EXTREME MEASURES 646 00:23:56,468 --> 00:23:58,036 DEVELOPED TO SURVIVE THAT 647 00:23:58,036 --> 00:24:00,405 RADIATION AND COLLECT 648 00:24:00,405 --> 00:24:01,406 SCIENTIFIC DATA SHOULD BE 649 00:24:01,406 --> 00:24:03,008 FULLY APPRECIATED. 650 00:24:03,008 --> 00:24:07,512 YOU HAVE HEARD THE NAME OF THE 651 00:24:07,512 --> 00:24:09,281 SPACECRAFT IN EARLIER LECTURE, 652 00:24:09,281 --> 00:24:11,082 SO I'M SURE IT WAS NOT EASY 653 00:24:11,082 --> 00:24:12,417 AND I THOUGHT I WOULD RUN 654 00:24:12,417 --> 00:24:14,986 THROUGH THE TWO MAIN EFFECTS. 655 00:24:14,986 --> 00:24:16,988 FOR INSTANCE, THE INITIAL 656 00:24:16,988 --> 00:24:19,291 DEVELOPMENT OF SOLAR PROBE 657 00:24:19,291 --> 00:24:22,460 CONCEPT OF J.P.L. SHOWED THE 658 00:24:22,460 --> 00:24:23,295 EXTREME TECHNICAL POSSIBILITY 659 00:24:23,295 --> 00:24:27,499 OF A SPACECRAFT SURVIVING AN 660 00:24:27,499 --> 00:24:31,303 ORBITAL PLUNGE INTO SOLAR 661 00:24:31,303 --> 00:24:32,437 RADIATION. 662 00:24:32,437 --> 00:24:34,739 J.P.L. WENT FOR BROKE AND THEY 663 00:24:34,739 --> 00:24:38,510 DESIGNED A FABULOUS SPACECRAFT 664 00:24:38,510 --> 00:24:40,879 THIS IS WHAT GRABS ME. 665 00:24:40,879 --> 00:24:44,783 THE SUNLIGHT IS 3,000 TIMES 666 00:24:44,783 --> 00:24:49,754 MORE INTENSE AT 4 SOLAR RADAII 667 00:24:49,754 --> 00:24:52,791 AS IT IS AT EARTH. 668 00:24:52,791 --> 00:24:55,961 IT'S SOMETHING AMAZING. 669 00:24:55,961 --> 00:24:58,396 ONLY RESTRICTED INSTRUMENTS 670 00:24:58,396 --> 00:25:00,265 WILL SURVIVE BECAUSE THE 671 00:25:00,265 --> 00:25:02,100 SPACECRAFT SERVES AS A HEAT 672 00:25:02,100 --> 00:25:03,702 SHIELD AND DO YOU NOT DARE 673 00:25:03,702 --> 00:25:05,937 POKE ANYTHING OUT FROM BEHIND 674 00:25:05,937 --> 00:25:08,406 THAT HEAT SHIELD TO MAKE A 675 00:25:08,406 --> 00:25:08,907 MEASUREMENT. 676 00:25:08,907 --> 00:25:10,775 THERE ARE SOME EXCEPTIONS TO 677 00:25:10,775 --> 00:25:15,580 THAT, WHICH ARE VERY LIMITED. 678 00:25:15,580 --> 00:25:18,216 THE NEXT PROBLEM WAS SOLAR 679 00:25:18,216 --> 00:25:22,821 PROBE PLUS, AS YOU ALL KNOW, 680 00:25:22,821 --> 00:25:24,956 THE APPLIED PHYSICS LABORATORY 681 00:25:24,956 --> 00:25:26,992 DESIGNED FOR A SLOW APPROACH, 682 00:25:26,992 --> 00:25:30,762 INWARD TO 9 SOLAR RADII, WHERE 683 00:25:30,762 --> 00:25:33,098 THE SUN IS ONLY 570 TIMES MORE 684 00:25:33,098 --> 00:25:35,867 INTENSE THAN IT IS HERE. 685 00:25:35,867 --> 00:25:39,437 AND IT IS POSSIBLE TO RATE A 686 00:25:39,437 --> 00:25:41,773 COMPLIMENT OF INSTRUMENTS 687 00:25:41,773 --> 00:25:43,408 PEEKING OUT FROM BEHIND THE 688 00:25:43,408 --> 00:25:44,876 HEAT SHIELD FOR AN EXTENDED 689 00:25:44,876 --> 00:25:46,278 PERIOD OF TIME. 690 00:25:46,278 --> 00:25:48,079 ONE OF THE DRAW BACKS OF THE 691 00:25:48,079 --> 00:25:49,681 ORIGINAL SOLAR PROBE WAS THAT 692 00:25:49,681 --> 00:25:53,718 IT'S ALL OVER IN A FEW HOURS 693 00:25:53,718 --> 00:25:55,854 AT 4 SOLAR RADII. 694 00:25:55,854 --> 00:25:59,791 AS A THEORETICIAN, I ADMIRE 695 00:25:59,791 --> 00:26:01,092 THE SCIENTISTS WHOSE PATIENT 696 00:26:01,092 --> 00:26:03,128 EFFORTS CONVERTED THE SOLAR 697 00:26:03,128 --> 00:26:04,429 PROBE CONCEPT INTO A 698 00:26:04,429 --> 00:26:06,464 FUNCTIONING REALITY READY TO 699 00:26:06,464 --> 00:26:08,533 DO BATTLE WITH THE SOLAR 700 00:26:08,533 --> 00:26:10,435 ELEMENTS AS IT DIVULGES THE 701 00:26:10,435 --> 00:26:13,571 SECRETS OF THE EXPANDING 702 00:26:13,571 --> 00:26:14,739 CORONA. 703 00:26:14,739 --> 00:26:20,278 HOORAY FOR SOLAR PROBES. 704 00:26:20,278 --> 00:26:28,954 [APPLAUSE] 705 00:26:28,954 --> 00:26:30,755 >> WOW. 706 00:26:30,755 --> 00:26:32,290 JUST WOW. 707 00:26:32,290 --> 00:26:35,093 I AM NIKI FOX AND I AM SO 708 00:26:35,093 --> 00:26:37,062 HONORED TO STAND HERE TODAY 709 00:26:37,062 --> 00:26:38,997 REPRESENTING THE SOLAR PROBE 710 00:26:38,997 --> 00:26:39,464 TEAM. 711 00:26:39,464 --> 00:26:41,599 THIS ISN'T JUST THE TEAM, BUT 712 00:26:41,599 --> 00:26:43,034 BUILDING THIS PARTICULAR 713 00:26:43,034 --> 00:26:44,269 MISSION, BUT I REALLY FEEL 714 00:26:44,269 --> 00:26:45,770 IT'S THE THOUSANDS AND 715 00:26:45,770 --> 00:26:47,806 THOUSANDS OF RESEARCHERS WHO 716 00:26:47,806 --> 00:26:49,774 POURED THEIR HEART AND SOUL 717 00:26:49,774 --> 00:26:51,643 INTO INTO MAKING THIS REALITY 718 00:26:51,643 --> 00:26:57,615 OVER THE LAST 60 YEARS. 719 00:26:57,615 --> 00:26:59,417 THIS WILL BE THE HOTTEST, 720 00:26:59,417 --> 00:27:00,018 FASTEST MISSION. 721 00:27:00,018 --> 00:27:02,988 I LIKE TO CALL IT THE COOLEST 722 00:27:02,988 --> 00:27:03,588 MISSION UNDER THE SUN. 723 00:27:03,588 --> 00:27:06,291 WE ARE GOING TO BE MOVING IN 724 00:27:06,291 --> 00:27:06,992 EXTREME TEMPERATURES. 725 00:27:06,992 --> 00:27:08,960 WE WILL GO RIGHT UP INTO THE 726 00:27:08,960 --> 00:27:09,294 CORONA. 727 00:27:09,294 --> 00:27:13,064 AS YOU HAVE HEARD, OF THE 728 00:27:13,064 --> 00:27:15,967 REVOLUTIONLY WORK OF PARKER 729 00:27:15,967 --> 00:27:18,403 FROM AS FAR BACK AS 19 TBLAI, 730 00:27:18,403 --> 00:27:21,072 STILL WE HAVE NOT BEEN ABLE TO 731 00:27:21,072 --> 00:27:21,806 ANSWER KEY QUESTIONS. 732 00:27:21,806 --> 00:27:23,908 THERE HAVE BEEN SO MANY 733 00:27:23,908 --> 00:27:26,177 MATHEMATICIANS WHO HAVE MADE 734 00:27:26,177 --> 00:27:27,412 TREMENDOUS ADVANCES, WE HAVE 735 00:27:27,412 --> 00:27:29,280 BEEN INSIDE THE ORBIT OF 736 00:27:29,280 --> 00:27:29,614 MERCURY. 737 00:27:29,614 --> 00:27:32,717 WE HAVE DONE AMAZING THINGS. 738 00:27:32,717 --> 00:27:34,285 UNTIL YOU GO THERE AND TOUCH 739 00:27:34,285 --> 00:27:35,820 THE SUN, YOU REALLY CAN'T 740 00:27:35,820 --> 00:27:37,022 ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS. 741 00:27:37,022 --> 00:27:38,790 THESE QUESTIONS ARE SO SIMPLE. 742 00:27:38,790 --> 00:27:40,759 WHY IS THE CORONA HOTTER THAN 743 00:27:40,759 --> 00:27:43,094 THE SURFACE OF THE SUN? 744 00:27:43,094 --> 00:27:45,430 THAT DEFIES THE LAWS OF 745 00:27:45,430 --> 00:27:46,564 NATURE. 746 00:27:46,564 --> 00:27:48,299 IT'S GOING GOING UP HILL, IT 747 00:27:48,299 --> 00:27:49,901 SHOULDN'T HAPPEN. 748 00:27:49,901 --> 00:27:53,872 WHY IN THIS REGION DOES THE 749 00:27:53,872 --> 00:27:55,373 SOLAR ATMOSPHERE ENERGIZE 750 00:27:55,373 --> 00:27:57,208 WHETHER IT ESCAPES THE SUN. 751 00:27:57,208 --> 00:27:59,044 WE HAVE NOT BEEN ABLE TO 752 00:27:59,044 --> 00:28:01,346 ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS WITHOUT 753 00:28:01,346 --> 00:28:02,480 TAKING A PROBE INTO THE SUNNEN 754 00:28:02,480 --> 00:28:04,883 WE'LL BE MOVING AT BLISTERING 755 00:28:04,883 --> 00:28:05,350 SPEEDS. 756 00:28:05,350 --> 00:28:08,920 WE WILL BE MOVING AT 757 00:28:08,920 --> 00:28:10,522 430,000 MILES AN HOUR. 758 00:28:10,522 --> 00:28:13,224 THAT'S ABOUT 118 MILES A 759 00:28:13,224 --> 00:28:13,792 SECOND. 760 00:28:13,792 --> 00:28:15,693 WOULDN'T YOU ENJOY YOUR 761 00:28:15,693 --> 00:28:18,163 MORNING COMMUTE AT THAT SPEED? 762 00:28:18,163 --> 00:28:19,697 WE'LL BE SEVEN TIMES CLOSER 763 00:28:19,697 --> 00:28:21,699 THAN ANY OTHER MISSION HAS 764 00:28:21,699 --> 00:28:22,534 EVER BEEN. 765 00:28:22,534 --> 00:28:24,702 WE WILL REPEATEDLY SWEEP 766 00:28:24,702 --> 00:28:27,472 THROWP THE CORONA MAKING THESE 767 00:28:27,472 --> 00:28:28,540 MEASUREMENTS. 768 00:28:28,540 --> 00:28:30,408 WHY HAS IT TAKEN US 60 YEARS 769 00:28:30,408 --> 00:28:32,143 TO BE ABLE TO DO IT? 770 00:28:32,143 --> 00:28:34,379 HONESTLY THE MATERIALS DIDN'T 771 00:28:34,379 --> 00:28:35,046 EXIST TO DO IT. 772 00:28:35,046 --> 00:28:37,048 THE VERY FIRST THING WE HAD TO 773 00:28:37,048 --> 00:28:39,050 DO IS MAKE A HEAT SHIELD. 774 00:28:39,050 --> 00:28:41,219 WE LOVE OUR HEAT SHIELD. 775 00:28:41,219 --> 00:28:43,655 OUR HEAT SHIELD WAS DEVELOPED 776 00:28:43,655 --> 00:28:46,024 USING NASA RESEARCH MONEY, LED 777 00:28:46,024 --> 00:28:48,059 BY J.P.L. WITH THE SCHOOL AT 778 00:28:48,059 --> 00:28:52,730 JOHNS HOPKINS AND MANY OTHER 779 00:28:52,730 --> 00:28:56,434 CONTRIBUTORS WHO DESIGNED A 780 00:28:56,434 --> 00:28:59,637 CARBON-COMPOSITE SHIELD TO NOT 781 00:28:59,637 --> 00:29:01,673 ONLY WITHSTAND THE HEAT, WE GO 782 00:29:01,673 --> 00:29:03,708 HOT AND THEN COLD, HOT THEN 783 00:29:03,708 --> 00:29:05,376 COLD, GETTING SOMETHING TO 784 00:29:05,376 --> 00:29:08,213 WITHSTAND THAT IS 785 00:29:08,213 --> 00:29:08,680 REVOLUTIONARY. 786 00:29:08,680 --> 00:29:10,381 WE DESIGNED A NEW SOLAR PANEL 787 00:29:10,381 --> 00:29:13,118 TO KEEP THEM COOL. 788 00:29:13,118 --> 00:29:14,552 THAT ACTS AS A SHOULDER JOINT 789 00:29:14,552 --> 00:29:17,188 AS WE MOVE IN AND OUT AS WE GO 790 00:29:17,188 --> 00:29:18,590 CLOSE AND FURTHER AWAY FROM 791 00:29:18,590 --> 00:29:19,557 THE SUN. 792 00:29:19,557 --> 00:29:20,859 JUST A LITTLE FINGER TIP POKED 793 00:29:20,859 --> 00:29:25,096 OUT FROM THE SOLAR PANELS 794 00:29:25,096 --> 00:29:26,131 GENERATES ENOUGH SOLAR ENERGY 795 00:29:26,131 --> 00:29:27,599 TO OPERATE THE MISSION. 796 00:29:27,599 --> 00:29:30,168 RIGHT NOW, THE SPACECRAFT IS 797 00:29:30,168 --> 00:29:31,936 BEING BUILT AND TESTED AND PUT 798 00:29:31,936 --> 00:29:33,671 THROUGH A LOT OF RIGOROUS 799 00:29:33,671 --> 00:29:35,673 TESTING TO BE SURE WE CAN 800 00:29:35,673 --> 00:29:36,407 WITHSTAND THAT ENVIRONMENT. 801 00:29:36,407 --> 00:29:37,842 WE'LL BE GOING INTO THE 802 00:29:37,842 --> 00:29:38,176 CORONA. 803 00:29:38,176 --> 00:29:39,244 AS YOU HEARD THE TEMPERATURES 804 00:29:39,244 --> 00:29:41,412 CAN GET UP TO A COUPLE OF 805 00:29:41,412 --> 00:29:42,313 MILLION DEGREES. 806 00:29:42,313 --> 00:29:44,349 WE ARE NOT GOING QUITE THAT 807 00:29:44,349 --> 00:29:48,119 CLOSE BUT WE'LL BE AT 808 00:29:48,119 --> 00:29:48,853 2500-DEGREES FAHRENHEIT. 809 00:29:48,853 --> 00:29:50,121 THE INSTRUMENT IN THE SHADOW 810 00:29:50,121 --> 00:29:53,224 BEHIND THE HEAT SHIELD WILL BE 811 00:29:53,224 --> 00:29:54,192 OPERATING AT ABOUT THE 812 00:29:54,192 --> 00:29:55,960 TEMPERATURE OF THIS ROOM, ROOM 813 00:29:55,960 --> 00:29:56,361 TEMPERATURE. 814 00:29:56,361 --> 00:29:57,729 WE ARE BUILDING IT, WE ARE 815 00:29:57,729 --> 00:29:58,196 TESTING IT. 816 00:29:58,196 --> 00:30:00,465 WE HAVE A COUPLE OF THE 817 00:30:00,465 --> 00:30:01,166 INSTRUMENTS ALREADY INTO 818 00:30:01,166 --> 00:30:01,466 PLACE. 819 00:30:01,466 --> 00:30:02,567 BY THE SUMMER MOST OF THEM 820 00:30:02,567 --> 00:30:04,169 WILL BE ON. 821 00:30:04,169 --> 00:30:05,970 IT IS MY PLEASURE TO BE ABLE 822 00:30:05,970 --> 00:30:07,272 TO INTRODUCE YOU TO 823 00:30:07,272 --> 00:30:10,642 REPRESENTATIVES OF OUR SCIENCE 824 00:30:10,642 --> 00:30:12,010 TEAM, INVESTIGATING THE 825 00:30:12,010 --> 00:30:12,443 PAYLOADS. 826 00:30:12,443 --> 00:30:14,712 IN THE ORDER YOU ARE SITTING 827 00:30:14,712 --> 00:30:18,917 I'LL YOU ON INTRODUCE CUSS 828 00:30:18,917 --> 00:30:20,285 CONTINUE CASPAR FROM THE 829 00:30:20,285 --> 00:30:21,219 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 830 00:30:21,219 --> 00:30:23,521 HE IS ALSO A CHICAGO ALUM, BY 831 00:30:23,521 --> 00:30:28,593 THE WAY. 832 00:30:28,593 --> 00:30:30,862 STEWART BELL FROM THE 833 00:30:30,862 --> 00:30:32,630 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO -- 834 00:30:32,630 --> 00:30:34,132 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 835 00:30:34,132 --> 00:30:34,866 SORRY. 836 00:30:34,866 --> 00:30:38,336 UNIVERSITY OF 837 00:30:38,336 --> 00:30:41,973 CALIFORNIA-BERKELEY. 838 00:30:41,973 --> 00:30:46,911 AND FROM PRINCETON UNIVERSITY. 839 00:30:46,911 --> 00:30:52,183 AND FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF 840 00:30:52,183 --> 00:30:52,984 CALIFORNIA-LOS ANGELES. 841 00:30:52,984 --> 00:30:55,353 LAST BUT CERTAINLY NOT LEAST, 842 00:30:55,353 --> 00:30:57,989 PROFESSOR HOWARD FROM THE 843 00:30:57,989 --> 00:30:59,824 RESEARCH LAB. 844 00:30:59,824 --> 00:31:02,827 SO TOGETHER, USING A VARIETY 845 00:31:02,827 --> 00:31:04,162 AND WE WILL FINALLY ANSWER 846 00:31:04,162 --> 00:31:05,196 THESE QUESTIONS. 847 00:31:05,196 --> 00:31:06,998 I ALSO WANT TO INTRODUCE ONE 848 00:31:06,998 --> 00:31:09,200 MORE PERSONNEN I CALL HIM THE 849 00:31:09,200 --> 00:31:12,070 MAN BEHIND THE CURTAIN. 850 00:31:12,070 --> 00:31:15,039 HE KEEPS US GOING ON SCHEDULE 851 00:31:15,039 --> 00:31:17,041 AND ON BUDGET AND NEVER LETS 852 00:31:17,041 --> 00:31:20,778 THEM TAKE A VACATION. 853 00:31:20,778 --> 00:31:21,479 [APPLAUSE] 854 00:31:21,479 --> 00:31:23,147 SO WHAT IS NEXT? 855 00:31:23,147 --> 00:31:26,918 WE ARE BUILDING, TESTING AND 856 00:31:26,918 --> 00:31:28,953 DEVELOPING INSTRUMENTS. 857 00:31:28,953 --> 00:31:30,888 IN THE END OF THE YEAR WE WILL 858 00:31:30,888 --> 00:31:35,226 MOVE WHERE WE WILL DO FINAL 859 00:31:35,226 --> 00:31:36,794 TESTING, NA NERVE-RACKING 860 00:31:36,794 --> 00:31:38,196 ENVIRONMENT WHERE WE MAKE SURE 861 00:31:38,196 --> 00:31:39,297 EVERYTHING WILL WORK IN THAT 862 00:31:39,297 --> 00:31:40,064 ENVIRONMENTS. 863 00:31:40,064 --> 00:31:43,234 FROM THERE WE GO ON TO 864 00:31:43,234 --> 00:31:43,968 FLORIDA. 865 00:31:43,968 --> 00:31:45,703 WE LAUNCH AND WE HAVE A THIRD 866 00:31:45,703 --> 00:31:46,070 STAGE. 867 00:31:46,070 --> 00:31:47,739 THAT'S BECAUSE WE NEED TO BE 868 00:31:47,739 --> 00:31:54,279 MOVING SO FAST SO THAT WE CAN 869 00:31:54,279 --> 00:32:03,187 BURST [NO AUDIO] 870 00:32:03,187 --> 00:32:05,690 >> MANY OF YOU ARE USED TO 871 00:32:05,690 --> 00:32:06,824 HEARING ABOUT GRAVITY. 872 00:32:06,824 --> 00:32:08,159 WE ACCELERATE THE PROBE. 873 00:32:08,159 --> 00:32:09,460 WE ARE VERY GENEROUS. 874 00:32:09,460 --> 00:32:11,362 WE ARE GIVING ENERGY TO VENUS. 875 00:32:11,362 --> 00:32:14,232 WE ARE USING THE VENUS FLYBY 876 00:32:14,232 --> 00:32:16,434 TO TRIM AND REALLY PRECISION 877 00:32:16,434 --> 00:32:18,336 OF WHERE WE NEED TO BE TO MAKE 878 00:32:18,336 --> 00:32:22,940 US YOU ACTUALLY HIT OUR SOLAR 879 00:32:22,940 --> 00:32:23,775 ORBITAL TARGET. 880 00:32:23,775 --> 00:32:25,910 EIGHT WEEKS AFTER THAT WE WILL 881 00:32:25,910 --> 00:32:27,178 ENCOUNTER THE SUN FOR THE 882 00:32:27,178 --> 00:32:27,612 FIRST TIME. 883 00:32:27,612 --> 00:32:29,347 WE WILL DO OUR FIRST APPROACH. 884 00:32:29,347 --> 00:32:31,549 FOLLOWING THAT WE WILL DO 885 00:32:31,549 --> 00:32:34,052 ANOTHER SIX VENUS FLYBYS IN 886 00:32:34,052 --> 00:32:35,453 JUST UNDER SEVEN YEARS. 887 00:32:35,453 --> 00:32:38,623 WE GRADUALLY GET CLOSER AND 888 00:32:38,623 --> 00:32:40,058 CLOSER AND IN TOWARD THE SUN 889 00:32:40,058 --> 00:32:43,461 UNTIL WE ARE JUST UNDER 890 00:32:43,461 --> 00:32:46,130 4 MILLION MILES OF 10 SOLAR 891 00:32:46,130 --> 00:32:46,931 RADII. 892 00:32:46,931 --> 00:32:48,499 THAT MAY NOT SOUND THAT CLOSE 893 00:32:48,499 --> 00:32:48,833 TO YOU. 894 00:32:48,833 --> 00:32:50,935 IF THE EARTH AND THE SUN WERE 895 00:32:50,935 --> 00:32:55,106 SEPARATED BY 1 METER, IT IS 896 00:32:55,106 --> 00:32:56,140 ACTUALLY VERY, VERY CLOSE. 897 00:32:56,140 --> 00:32:57,842 IN FACT, SO CLOSE THAT WE'LL 898 00:32:57,842 --> 00:32:59,811 BE IN A REGION THAT YOU, 899 00:32:59,811 --> 00:33:01,846 YOURSELF, MAY BE ABLE TO SEE 900 00:33:01,846 --> 00:33:03,381 THIS SUMMER. 901 00:33:03,381 --> 00:33:06,084 DURING A TOTAL SOLAR ECLIPSE, 902 00:33:06,084 --> 00:33:08,252 YOU ARE ABLE TO SEE THE HAZY 903 00:33:08,252 --> 00:33:10,521 CORONA AROUND THE SUN. 904 00:33:10,521 --> 00:33:11,956 AUGUST 21st, THE FIRST TIME 905 00:33:11,956 --> 00:33:13,925 IN 100 YEARS, THERE WILL BE A 906 00:33:13,925 --> 00:33:16,594 TOTAL SOLAR ECLIPSE VISIBLE 907 00:33:16,594 --> 00:33:18,529 FROM THE U.S.A. 908 00:33:18,529 --> 00:33:22,633 WHEN YOU LOOK UP AND SEE THE 909 00:33:22,633 --> 00:33:23,701 ECLIPSE, THE PROBE WILL BE 910 00:33:23,701 --> 00:33:24,502 RIGHT IN THERE. 911 00:33:24,502 --> 00:33:26,604 NOT ONLY ARE WE DOING BASIC 912 00:33:26,604 --> 00:33:28,506 SCIENCE, BUT WE'LL BE APPLYING 913 00:33:28,506 --> 00:33:30,308 CRITICAL INFORMATION TO ALLOW 914 00:33:30,308 --> 00:33:33,778 US TO BETTER KNOW HOW YOUR 915 00:33:33,778 --> 00:33:35,046 EARTH RESPONDS TO THE SUNNEN 916 00:33:35,046 --> 00:33:37,749 WE'LL BE DOING CRITICAL 917 00:33:37,749 --> 00:33:40,051 ADVANCES TO ENABLE US TO 918 00:33:40,051 --> 00:33:40,852 EXPLORE BASE WEATHER. 919 00:33:40,852 --> 00:33:43,888 FOR THAT REASON WE'LL SEND 920 00:33:43,888 --> 00:33:45,857 SOLAR PROBE INTO THE CORONA 921 00:33:45,857 --> 00:33:49,694 AND FINALLY TOUCH THE SUN. 922 00:33:49,694 --> 00:33:51,996 [APPLAUSE] 923 00:33:51,996 --> 00:33:53,297 NASA's PARKER SOLAR PROBE 924 00:33:53,297 --> 00:33:55,600 MISSION IS ABOUT TO EM EMBARK 925 00:33:55,600 --> 00:33:57,268 ON AN HISTORIC JOURNEY TO OUR 926 00:33:57,268 --> 00:33:58,069 VERY OWN STAR. 927 00:33:58,069 --> 00:34:00,037 THE SUN. 928 00:34:00,037 --> 00:34:03,541 NAMED FOR DR. EUGENE M. PARKER 929 00:34:03,541 --> 00:34:05,977 WHOSE CONTRIBUTIONS HAVE 930 00:34:05,977 --> 00:34:06,811 REVOLUTIONIZED OUR 931 00:34:06,811 --> 00:34:07,478 UNDERSTANDING OF THE SUN. 932 00:34:07,478 --> 00:34:09,113 THE PARKER SOLAR PROBE WILL 933 00:34:09,113 --> 00:34:11,682 USHER IN A NEW ERA OF 934 00:34:11,682 --> 00:34:12,116 EXPLORATION. 935 00:34:12,116 --> 00:34:14,552 IT'S A MISSION OF EXTREMES. 936 00:34:14,552 --> 00:34:16,487 THE SPACECRAFT WILL PLUNGE 937 00:34:16,487 --> 00:34:17,655 THROUGH THE SUN'S ATMOSPHERE, 938 00:34:17,655 --> 00:34:19,357 CALLED THE CORONA, AND FLYE 939 00:34:19,357 --> 00:34:21,492 CLOSER TO THE SUN'S SURFACE 940 00:34:21,492 --> 00:34:22,760 THAN ANY SPACECRAFT IN 941 00:34:22,760 --> 00:34:23,828 HISTORY. 942 00:34:23,828 --> 00:34:25,530 MORE THAN SEVEN TIMES CLOSER. 943 00:34:25,530 --> 00:34:27,632 THE SUN'S SURFACE IS HOT. 944 00:34:27,632 --> 00:34:29,967 AT TEMPERATURES EXCEEDING 945 00:34:29,967 --> 00:34:31,803 10,000-DEGREES FAHRENHEIT. 946 00:34:31,803 --> 00:34:33,404 BUT THE REAL SURPRISE IS ITS 947 00:34:33,404 --> 00:34:37,608 ATMOSPHERE IS EVEN HOTTER. 948 00:34:37,608 --> 00:34:40,044 FACING THE CORONA'S BRUTAL 949 00:34:40,044 --> 00:34:41,746 HEAT AND RADIATION CONDITIONS, 950 00:34:41,746 --> 00:34:43,514 PARKER SOLAR PROBE WILL 951 00:34:43,514 --> 00:34:44,215 FINALLY PROVIDE ANSWERS TO 952 00:34:44,215 --> 00:34:46,451 SOME OF THE MOST IMPORTANT 953 00:34:46,451 --> 00:34:48,386 QUESTIONS ABOUT HOW OUR SUN 954 00:34:48,386 --> 00:34:48,853 WORKS. 955 00:34:48,853 --> 00:34:51,055 AS PARKER SOLAR PROBE SPEEDS 956 00:34:51,055 --> 00:34:52,857 AROUND THE SUN MAKING THESE 957 00:34:52,857 --> 00:34:55,960 MEASUREMENTS, IT IS MOVING AT 958 00:34:55,960 --> 00:34:57,361 OVER 430,000 MILES PER HOUR. 959 00:34:57,361 --> 00:34:58,629 THAT'S LIKE TRAVELING FROM NEW 960 00:34:58,629 --> 00:35:01,532 YORK TO TOKYO IN LESS THAN A 961 00:35:01,532 --> 00:35:02,300 MINUTE. 962 00:35:02,300 --> 00:35:03,801 THIS MISSION IS THE 963 00:35:03,801 --> 00:35:05,770 CULMINATION OF 60 YEARS' WORK 964 00:35:05,770 --> 00:35:07,405 BY THE BEST AND BRIGHTEST 965 00:35:07,405 --> 00:35:09,540 SCIENTIFIC AND ENGINEERING 966 00:35:09,540 --> 00:35:10,274 MINDS. 967 00:35:10,274 --> 00:35:11,676 TODAY, OUR TECHNOLOGY WILL LET 968 00:35:11,676 --> 00:35:14,946 US ACHIEVE OUR DREAMS TO 969 00:35:14,946 --> 00:35:17,381 REVEAL THIS SECRET AND OUR SUN 970 00:35:17,381 --> 00:35:20,518 AND TO ONE DAY BETTER PROTECT 971 00:35:20,518 --> 00:35:24,522 TECHNOLOGY FROM THE THREAT OF 972 00:35:24,522 --> 00:35:25,523 SPACE FLARES. 973 00:35:25,523 --> 00:35:28,025 WE WILL LAUNCH THE SOLAR 974 00:35:28,025 --> 00:35:30,595 PROBE, HUMANITY'S FIRST 975 00:35:30,595 --> 00:35:48,579 MISSION TO TOUCH THE SUN. 976 00:35:54,285 --> 00:36:04,929 [APPLAUSE] 977 00:36:04,929 --> 00:36:05,897 >> OKAY, TO ANYONE ASSOCIATED 978 00:36:05,897 --> 00:36:09,433 WITH THAT MISSION. 979 00:36:09,433 --> 00:36:14,438 FOR ME TO SAY THAT WE WILL BE 980 00:36:14,438 --> 00:36:17,475 FLYING AND WE'LL TAKE THE 981 00:36:17,475 --> 00:36:20,011 FRONT OF OF YOU AND YOUR 982 00:36:20,011 --> 00:36:21,779 SEMINAL PAPER. 983 00:36:21,779 --> 00:36:23,180 WE'LL HAVE IT OWE A MOUNTING 984 00:36:23,180 --> 00:36:25,716 PLATE AND WE WOULD LIKE YOU TO 985 00:36:25,716 --> 00:36:27,018 WRITE WHATEVER INSCRIPTION TO 986 00:36:27,018 --> 00:36:28,219 PUT ON THAT PLATE AND SEBD TO 987 00:36:28,219 --> 00:36:29,353 THE SUN. 988 00:36:29,353 --> 00:36:33,124 THE FINAL THING IS GREAT HONOR 989 00:36:33,124 --> 00:36:38,629 AS SA PART OF THE TEAM TO GIVE 990 00:36:38,629 --> 00:36:41,465 YOU THE FIRST MODEL OF THE 991 00:36:41,465 --> 00:36:44,569 PARKER SOLAR PROBE. 992 00:36:44,569 --> 00:37:01,986 [APPLAUSE] 993 00:37:12,997 --> 00:37:14,966 >> WELL, AS I SAY, I'M GREATLY 994 00:37:14,966 --> 00:37:17,435 HONORED TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH 995 00:37:17,435 --> 00:37:19,470 THIS HEROIC, SCIENTIFIC 996 00:37:19,470 --> 00:37:19,904 MISSION. 997 00:37:19,904 --> 00:37:22,807 I WOULD JUST EXAMINING IT. 998 00:37:22,807 --> 00:37:24,308 I GUESS I NEED SOME 999 00:37:24,308 --> 00:37:28,546 INSTRUCTION AS TO WHAT ALL THE 1000 00:37:28,546 --> 00:37:29,080 THINGS ARE. 1001 00:37:29,080 --> 00:37:33,384 THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 1002 00:37:33,384 --> 00:37:50,635 [APPLAUSE] 1003 00:37:50,635 --> 00:37:51,202 >> NOW WE'LL TAKE A FEW 1004 00:37:51,502 --> 00:37:53,604 QUESTIONS FROM THE AUDIENCE 1005 00:37:53,604 --> 00:37:55,039 AND FROM SOCIAL MEDIA. 1006 00:37:55,039 --> 00:37:57,575 PLEASE RAISE YOUR HANDS AND 1007 00:37:57,575 --> 00:37:58,643 OUR STAFF WILL COME TO YOU 1008 00:37:58,643 --> 00:38:02,613 WITH THE MICROPHONE. 1009 00:38:02,613 --> 00:38:04,148 ONCE YOU HAVE THE MICROPHONE, 1010 00:38:04,148 --> 00:38:05,416 PLEASE IDENTIFY YOURSELF AND 1011 00:38:05,416 --> 00:38:06,751 YOUR AFFILIATION AND THEN ASK 1012 00:38:06,751 --> 00:38:13,057 YOUR QUESTION. 1013 00:38:13,057 --> 00:38:15,526 YES A QUESTION FROM THIS 1014 00:38:15,526 --> 00:38:22,333 GENTLEMAN IN THE FRONT. 1015 00:38:22,333 --> 00:38:23,134 IDENTIFY YOURSELF. 1016 00:38:23,134 --> 00:38:25,703 >> MY NAME IS ERIC ISAACS. 1017 00:38:25,703 --> 00:38:27,138 CAN YOU TALK ABOUT THE KINDS 1018 00:38:27,138 --> 00:38:28,305 EVER INSTRUMENTS AND MAYBE 1019 00:38:28,305 --> 00:38:30,274 THIS ADDRESSES GENE'S QUESTION 1020 00:38:30,274 --> 00:38:31,142 ABOUT WHAT IS ON THE MOLDS. 1021 00:38:31,142 --> 00:38:32,576 WHAT ARE THE INSTRUMENTS YOU 1022 00:38:32,576 --> 00:38:35,346 HAVE AND WHAT ARE YOUR WILDEST 1023 00:38:35,346 --> 00:38:37,114 DREAMS OF WHAT YOU HOPE TO 1024 00:38:37,114 --> 00:38:38,716 FIND. 1025 00:38:38,716 --> 00:38:39,150 >> NICOA. 1026 00:38:39,150 --> 00:38:40,418 >> WE HAVE A FULL COMPLEMENT 1027 00:38:40,418 --> 00:38:41,686 OF INSTRUMENTS. 1028 00:38:41,686 --> 00:38:42,887 YOU MET THE P.I. 1029 00:38:42,887 --> 00:38:45,389 WE HAVE THE BELT PLASMA, THE 1030 00:38:45,389 --> 00:38:46,957 BREAD AND BUTTER OF THE SOLAR 1031 00:38:46,957 --> 00:38:47,725 WIND, IF YOU WILL. 1032 00:38:47,725 --> 00:38:48,859 WE HAVE A COUPLE OF 1033 00:38:48,859 --> 00:38:51,996 INSTRUMENTS MEASURING WHAT IS 1034 00:38:51,996 --> 00:38:57,968 COMING OUT WE HAVE INSTRUMENTS 1035 00:38:57,968 --> 00:38:59,603 POSITIONED IN DIFFERENT 1036 00:38:59,603 --> 00:39:00,404 LOCATIONS. 1037 00:39:00,404 --> 00:39:03,207 WHATEVER ANGLE, WE'VE GOT IT. 1038 00:39:03,207 --> 00:39:05,743 WE HAVE A FULL FLEET OF 1039 00:39:05,743 --> 00:39:06,944 MAGNETIC INSTRUMENTS ON THE 1040 00:39:06,944 --> 00:39:07,945 BACK HERE, THE ELECTRIC 1041 00:39:07,945 --> 00:39:09,613 SHIELD. 1042 00:39:09,613 --> 00:39:12,817 ON THE FRONT, WE CAN MAKE A 1043 00:39:12,817 --> 00:39:13,250 PLASMA WAVE. 1044 00:39:13,250 --> 00:39:15,052 WE HAVE THE PARTICLE SUITE TO 1045 00:39:15,052 --> 00:39:17,021 GET THE STUFF THAT COMES WITH 1046 00:39:17,021 --> 00:39:17,855 THE FLARES. 1047 00:39:17,855 --> 00:39:19,890 LAST BUT NOT LEAST WE HAVE A 1048 00:39:19,890 --> 00:39:21,225 WHITE LIGHT IMAGER THAT IS 1049 00:39:21,225 --> 00:39:23,160 GOING TO BE TAKING PICTURES OF 1050 00:39:23,160 --> 00:39:24,495 THE STRUCTURES THAT WE ARE 1051 00:39:24,495 --> 00:39:26,130 ABOUT TO SLIDE THROUGH THAT 1052 00:39:26,130 --> 00:39:28,699 WILL HELP US TO PUT IN CONTEXT 1053 00:39:28,699 --> 00:39:36,140 WHAT WE ARE SEEING. 1054 00:39:36,140 --> 00:39:38,509 >> WE HAVE ANOTHER QUESTION 1055 00:39:38,509 --> 00:39:40,778 RIGHT THERE. 1056 00:39:40,778 --> 00:39:43,013 >> CHARLE BORGES FROM NBC 5 IN 1057 00:39:43,013 --> 00:39:43,347 CHICAGO. 1058 00:39:43,347 --> 00:39:44,949 WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO SEND 1059 00:39:44,949 --> 00:39:46,183 THIS INTO THE SUN? 1060 00:39:46,183 --> 00:39:47,718 WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO TOUCH 1061 00:39:47,718 --> 00:39:50,621 THE BASE OF THE SUN AND GO 1062 00:39:50,621 --> 00:39:53,457 CLOSELY BY IT AND PRESERVE THE 1063 00:39:53,457 --> 00:39:54,024 SATELLITE. 1064 00:39:54,024 --> 00:39:55,159 >> WE WILL BRUSH BY IT. 1065 00:39:55,159 --> 00:39:56,894 WE ARE NOT GOING RIGHT UP AND 1066 00:39:56,894 --> 00:39:57,528 TOUCH IT. 1067 00:39:57,528 --> 00:39:59,330 IF YOU IMAGINE, CAN YOU LEARN 1068 00:39:59,330 --> 00:40:00,698 SO MUCH FROM LOOKING OUT THE 1069 00:40:00,698 --> 00:40:01,132 WINDOW. 1070 00:40:01,132 --> 00:40:03,000 YOU CAN SEE THE SUN IS 1071 00:40:03,000 --> 00:40:04,902 SHINING, CAN YOU SEE THE BIRDS 1072 00:40:04,902 --> 00:40:06,604 ARE SINGING BUT UNTIL YOU GET 1073 00:40:06,604 --> 00:40:09,106 OUT YOU DON'T KNOW HOW HOT IT 1074 00:40:09,106 --> 00:40:10,641 IS OR HOW WINDY IT IS OR THE 1075 00:40:10,641 --> 00:40:11,041 CONDITIONS. 1076 00:40:11,041 --> 00:40:13,144 I THINK WE HAVE COME AS FAR AS 1077 00:40:13,144 --> 00:40:14,278 WE CAN WITH LOOKING AT 1078 00:40:14,278 --> 00:40:15,946 THINGSEN IT'S NOW TIME TO PAY 1079 00:40:15,946 --> 00:40:17,848 IT A VISIT. 1080 00:40:17,848 --> 00:40:19,750 >> NOW WE'LL TAKE A QUESTION 1081 00:40:19,750 --> 00:40:30,494 FROM SOCIAL MEDIA. 1082 00:40:30,494 --> 00:40:32,763 WE HAVE A TWEET. 1083 00:40:32,763 --> 00:40:34,131 >> WE DO HAVE A TWEET. 1084 00:40:34,131 --> 00:40:37,601 WE HAVE A QUESTION FROM GEORGE 1085 00:40:37,601 --> 00:40:40,304 WHO WOULD LIKE TO KNOW WHY ARE 1086 00:40:40,304 --> 00:40:42,206 WE ONLY GOING 4 MILLION MILES. 1087 00:40:42,206 --> 00:40:43,774 IS THERE A LIMIT OF THE HEAT, 1088 00:40:43,774 --> 00:40:45,743 WHAT ARE THE PARAMETERS? 1089 00:40:45,743 --> 00:40:46,911 >> THERE ARE A COUPLE OF 1090 00:40:46,911 --> 00:40:48,779 THINGS WITH THE HEAT SHIELDS 1091 00:40:48,779 --> 00:40:50,748 AND VARIOUS THINGS DESIGNED TO 1092 00:40:50,748 --> 00:40:51,482 GO 4 MILL MILES. 1093 00:40:51,482 --> 00:40:54,418 THE REASON WE CAN'T GO CLOSER, 1094 00:40:54,418 --> 00:40:57,922 AFTER THE SEVETH VENUS 1095 00:40:57,922 --> 00:41:01,158 FLYBY, IT WILL BE INSIDE THE 1096 00:41:01,158 --> 00:41:01,659 CONVENEUS ORBIT. 1097 00:41:01,659 --> 00:41:03,394 WE CAN NO LONGER USE IT TO 1098 00:41:03,394 --> 00:41:10,801 TRIM THE ORBIT. 1099 00:41:10,801 --> 00:41:11,468 >> OKAY, THANK YOU ALL. 1100 00:41:11,468 --> 00:41:14,972 NOW BEFORE WE CLOSE, I BELIEVE 1101 00:41:14,972 --> 00:41:16,640 THAT NASA -- THEY HAVEN'T DONE 1102 00:41:16,640 --> 00:41:17,441 VERY MUCH. 1103 00:41:17,441 --> 00:41:21,545 THEY HAVE A FINAL SPECIAL 1104 00:41:21,545 --> 00:41:23,547 RECOGNITION TO PRESENT TO 1105 00:41:23,547 --> 00:41:25,349 EUGENE. 1106 00:41:25,349 --> 00:41:29,386 WELCOME BACK THOMAS ZURBUCHEN. 1107 00:41:29,386 --> 00:41:32,356 [APPLAUSE] 1108 00:41:32,356 --> 00:41:35,125 >> CLEAN EX-UP HERE. 1109 00:41:35,125 --> 00:41:36,694 BEFORE I DO THAT, I WANT TO 1110 00:41:36,694 --> 00:41:38,996 QUICKLY TELL YOU TWO OF MY 1111 00:41:38,996 --> 00:41:40,197 PARKER STORIES, SO YOU KNOW 1112 00:41:40,197 --> 00:41:42,333 HOW I GOT TO KNOW HIM. 1113 00:41:42,333 --> 00:41:43,934 FIRST CONFERENCE I EVER WENT 1114 00:41:43,934 --> 00:41:45,236 TO WAS IN SWITZERLAND. 1115 00:41:45,236 --> 00:41:48,005 LIKE PEOPLE THERE, MEN THERE, 1116 00:41:48,005 --> 00:41:52,610 I WAS IN THE MILITARY. 1117 00:41:52,610 --> 00:41:54,211 I GOT A TIME OUT FROM THE 1118 00:41:54,211 --> 00:41:55,312 MILITARY TO COME TO THE FIRST 1119 00:41:55,312 --> 00:41:55,713 CONFERENCE. 1120 00:41:55,713 --> 00:41:57,882 SO I WALKED IN, I WAS ON THE 1121 00:41:57,882 --> 00:42:01,418 TRAIN THE WHOLE NIGHT TO 1122 00:42:01,418 --> 00:42:01,852 GERMANY. 1123 00:42:01,852 --> 00:42:04,355 I WALKED IN THE DOOR AND SAT 1124 00:42:04,355 --> 00:42:04,655 DOWN. 1125 00:42:04,655 --> 00:42:05,890 SO I DIDN'T KNOW WHO WAS 1126 00:42:05,890 --> 00:42:06,490 THERE. 1127 00:42:06,490 --> 00:42:08,058 I HAD READ ALL THE PAPERS, 1128 00:42:08,058 --> 00:42:08,359 RIGHT? 1129 00:42:08,359 --> 00:42:11,128 SO I SAT THERE IN THE 1130 00:42:11,128 --> 00:42:11,862 CONFERENCE. 1131 00:42:11,862 --> 00:42:14,665 SOME GUY GAVE A TALK. 1132 00:42:14,665 --> 00:42:17,301 YOU JUMPED TO YOUR FEET AND 1133 00:42:17,301 --> 00:42:18,903 ASKED THE QUESTION, EVERYTHING 1134 00:42:18,903 --> 00:42:21,872 WAS QUIET. 1135 00:42:21,872 --> 00:42:23,240 LIKE MOMENTARILY, BECAUSE YOU 1136 00:42:23,240 --> 00:42:25,276 GOT UP THERE. 1137 00:42:25,276 --> 00:42:27,845 YOU ASKED A REALLY GOOD 1138 00:42:27,845 --> 00:42:28,379 QUESTION. 1139 00:42:28,379 --> 00:42:32,917 YOU WERE REALLY NICE, THE 1140 00:42:32,917 --> 00:42:34,084 PREEMINENT PERSON IN THAT 1141 00:42:34,084 --> 00:42:35,653 FIELD, YOU DON'T WANT TO GET 1142 00:42:35,653 --> 00:42:36,553 QUESTIONS FROM GENE, IF YOU 1143 00:42:36,553 --> 00:42:37,354 CAN HELP IT. 1144 00:42:37,354 --> 00:42:38,589 HE DID A GOOD JOB. 1145 00:42:38,589 --> 00:42:40,224 YOU WERE REALLY NICE TO HIM. 1146 00:42:40,224 --> 00:42:42,426 I THOUGHT, WHO IS THIS GUY? 1147 00:42:42,426 --> 00:42:44,962 WHY IS EVERYBODY STOPPING AT 1148 00:42:44,962 --> 00:42:46,530 GENE PARKER? 1149 00:42:46,530 --> 00:42:48,299 THAT'S HOW I MET YOU. 1150 00:42:48,299 --> 00:42:50,301 YOU WINTER KNOW, YOU SAW MY 1151 00:42:50,301 --> 00:42:51,402 BACK FROM WHERE YOU WERE 1152 00:42:51,402 --> 00:42:52,369 SITTING. 1153 00:42:52,369 --> 00:42:53,237 ANOTHER STORY. 1154 00:42:53,237 --> 00:42:55,172 THAT IS WHEN I INVITED YOU TO 1155 00:42:55,172 --> 00:42:57,241 A SEMINARY AT THE UNIVERSITY 1156 00:42:57,241 --> 00:42:59,910 OF MICHIGAN I THOUGHT WAS 1157 00:42:59,910 --> 00:43:01,512 IMPORTANT THAT STUDENTS SAW 1158 00:43:01,512 --> 00:43:03,147 THE KIND OF LEADERS THAT YOU 1159 00:43:03,147 --> 00:43:03,914 ARE. 1160 00:43:03,914 --> 00:43:05,382 BASICALLY I ASKED YOU IF YOU 1161 00:43:05,382 --> 00:43:06,750 WOULD HANG OUT WITH THE 1162 00:43:06,750 --> 00:43:07,117 STUDENTS. 1163 00:43:07,117 --> 00:43:09,954 YOU WERE GENEROUS WITH YOUR 1164 00:43:09,954 --> 00:43:11,455 TIME, JUST LIKE THE FIRST 1165 00:43:11,455 --> 00:43:12,389 CONFERENCE WHEN WE MET. 1166 00:43:12,389 --> 00:43:14,358 THE TIME YOU SPENT THERE, I 1167 00:43:14,358 --> 00:43:15,759 BASICALLY ASKED YOU HOW DO I 1168 00:43:15,759 --> 00:43:18,262 INTRODUCE YOU, GENE? 1169 00:43:18,262 --> 00:43:20,631 I COULD TALK WHAT THINGS WE 1170 00:43:20,631 --> 00:43:21,498 TALK ABOUT HERE. 1171 00:43:21,498 --> 00:43:23,133 HOW DO I INTRODUCE YOU? 1172 00:43:23,133 --> 00:43:24,702 YOU SAID, I HOPE YOU INTRODUCE 1173 00:43:24,702 --> 00:43:25,336 ME LIKE THIS. 1174 00:43:25,336 --> 00:43:26,870 I DID MY GRAD SCHOOL, COULDN'T 1175 00:43:26,870 --> 00:43:27,905 FIND A JOB. 1176 00:43:27,905 --> 00:43:29,773 WENT TO FAW BECAUSE THAT'S THE 1177 00:43:29,773 --> 00:43:31,141 ONLY PEOPLE WHO ACTUALLY 1178 00:43:31,141 --> 00:43:32,977 OFFERED ME ONE. 1179 00:43:32,977 --> 00:43:35,913 DUE TO A FRIEND, GOT BACK TO 1180 00:43:35,913 --> 00:43:36,847 CHICAGO, WROTE PAPERS I 1181 00:43:36,847 --> 00:43:37,781 COULDN'T GET PUBLISHED. 1182 00:43:37,781 --> 00:43:39,984 DUE TO ANOTHER FRIEND, I 1183 00:43:39,984 --> 00:43:41,151 FINALLY GOT THEM PUBLISHED. 1184 00:43:41,151 --> 00:43:45,889 THEN THE REST WAS PRETTY GOOD. 1185 00:43:45,889 --> 00:43:47,324 SEE WHAT I LIKED ABOUT THIS. 1186 00:43:47,324 --> 00:43:49,326 I SAID WHY WOULD YOU WANT ME 1187 00:43:49,326 --> 00:43:51,095 TO INTRODUCE YOU THAT WAY? 1188 00:43:51,095 --> 00:43:52,296 THESE STUDENTS NEED TO KNOW 1189 00:43:52,296 --> 00:43:53,697 EVEN IF YOU ARE SUCCESSFUL, 1190 00:43:53,697 --> 00:43:54,932 IT'S GOING TO BE HARD FROM 1191 00:43:54,932 --> 00:43:55,933 TIME TO TIME. 1192 00:43:55,933 --> 00:43:57,968 MANY OF THE MOST IMPORTANT 1193 00:43:57,968 --> 00:43:58,869 SCIENCE DISCOVERIES THAT WE 1194 00:43:58,869 --> 00:44:00,871 HAVE ARE A LITTLE BIT 1195 00:44:00,871 --> 00:44:02,306 CONTROVERSIAL AT THE 1196 00:44:02,306 --> 00:44:02,740 BEGINNING. 1197 00:44:02,740 --> 00:44:06,643 OR VERY, VERY, VERY 1198 00:44:06,643 --> 00:44:07,478 CONTROVERSIAL. 1199 00:44:07,478 --> 00:44:09,380 THOSE ARE TWO OF MY ANECDOTES 1200 00:44:09,380 --> 00:44:10,881 I WANT TO TALK ABOUT. 1201 00:44:10,881 --> 00:44:13,450 THE NEXT THING I WILL ASK YOU, 1202 00:44:13,450 --> 00:44:15,686 STEVE CLARK, THE DIVISION 1203 00:44:15,686 --> 00:44:17,221 DIRECTOR OF HELIO SYSTEMS 1204 00:44:17,221 --> 00:44:18,288 DECIDES TO COME UP. 1205 00:44:18,288 --> 00:44:20,257 WHAT I WANT TO DO IS TALK TO 1206 00:44:20,257 --> 00:44:22,326 YOU ABOUT THE DISTINGUISHED 1207 00:44:22,326 --> 00:44:25,929 PUBLIC SERVICE MEDAL FROM 1208 00:44:25,929 --> 00:44:26,296 NASA. 1209 00:44:26,296 --> 00:44:28,732 IT'S THE HIGHEST FORM OF 1210 00:44:28,732 --> 00:44:30,901 RECOGNITION AWARDED BY NASA TO 1211 00:44:30,901 --> 00:44:32,836 AN INDIVIDUAL WHO IS NOT A 1212 00:44:32,836 --> 00:44:33,570 GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEE. 1213 00:44:33,570 --> 00:44:35,706 IT'S AWARDED BASED ON THE 1214 00:44:35,706 --> 00:44:40,277 MERIT OF THAT PERSON, ON THE 1215 00:44:40,277 --> 00:44:43,013 EXCELLENCE TOWARDS NASA AND 1216 00:44:43,013 --> 00:44:44,715 IT'S THAT MEDAL THAT WE WOULD 1217 00:44:44,715 --> 00:44:55,359 LIKE TO GIVE TO YOU NOW. 1218 00:44:55,359 --> 00:44:58,595 WHAT I AM GOING TO DO IS READ 1219 00:44:58,595 --> 00:45:00,064 THE DEDICATION THAT IS SIGNED 1220 00:45:00,064 --> 00:45:01,098 BY THE ADMINISTRATOR. 1221 00:45:01,098 --> 00:45:02,332 THIS IS ONLY THE ADMINISTRATOR 1222 00:45:02,332 --> 00:45:04,301 CAN GIVE THAT MEDAL. 1223 00:45:04,301 --> 00:45:07,471 IT IS FOR A LIFETIME OF 1224 00:45:07,471 --> 00:45:08,639 SCIENTIFIC ACHIEVEMENT, 1225 00:45:08,639 --> 00:45:11,608 OUTSTANDING LEADERSHIP IN 1226 00:45:11,608 --> 00:45:13,310 SPACE SCIENCE AND NASA SPACE 1227 00:45:13,310 --> 00:45:13,777 PROGRAM. 1228 00:45:13,777 --> 00:45:16,747 GENE, IT'S AN HONOR TO GIVE 1229 00:45:16,747 --> 00:45:18,015 YOU THAT MEDAL. 1230 00:45:18,015 --> 00:45:35,432 [APPLAUSE] 1231 00:46:02,326 --> 00:46:04,161 >> WHAT A WONDERFUL MORNING. 1232 00:46:04,161 --> 00:46:05,963 THANK YOU, EVERYONE WATCHING 1233 00:46:05,963 --> 00:46:07,664 ACROSS THE COUNTRY. 1234 00:46:07,664 --> 00:46:08,999 IT'S AFL YOU WHO HAVE JOINED 1235 00:46:08,999 --> 00:46:11,735 US HERE AT THE UNIVERSITY OF 1236 00:46:11,735 --> 00:46:12,236 CHICAGO. 1237 00:46:12,236 --> 00:46:13,770 THERE WILL BE A SHORT MEDIA 1238 00:46:13,770 --> 00:46:15,906 QUESTION AND ANSWER, SO MEDIA, 1239 00:46:15,906 --> 00:46:17,508 YOU ARE NOT ALLOWED TO LEAVE 1240 00:46:17,508 --> 00:46:18,342 THE ROOM. 1241 00:46:18,342 --> 00:46:19,943 PLEASE REMAIN. 1242 00:46:19,943 --> 00:46:21,912 EVERYONE ELSE, PLEASE JOIN US 1243 00:46:21,912 --> 00:46:24,381 IN THE ATRIUM FOR A RECEPTION